Country Background Report – Denmark
List of acronyms and glossary of terms Acronym
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10932 OECD Country Background Report Denmark
7 List of acronyms and glossary of terms Acronym (if any) English term Danish term Danish education system Pre-primary education Førskole Nursery Vuggestue Day-care in private homes Dagpleje Kindergarten Børnehave Primary and lower secondary education (Basic education used as a shorthand form) Grundskole Danish public school (The Folkeskole) Folkeskole Private school Privatskole Continuation school Efterskole Special school Specialskole Upper secondary and vocational education (Youth education used as a shorthand form) Ungdomsuddannelse EUD Vocational education Erhvervsuddannelser Upper Secondary education Gymnasiale uddannelser HF Higher Preparatory Examination Højere forberedelseseksamen STX Gymnasium (the general upper sec- ondary education) Studentereksamen HHX Higher Commercial Examination Programme Højere handelseksamen HTX Higher Technical Examination Pro- gramme Højere teknisk eksamen Tertiary education Videregående uddannelse KVU Short-term tertiary education Kort videregående uddannelse MVU Medium-term tertiary education Mellemlang videregående uddannelse Professional bachelor’s degree Professionsbachelor LVU Long-term tertiary education Lang videregående uddannelse Bachelor’s degree Bachelor Master’s degree Kandidat 8 Danish education system (adult education) Adult education Voksenuddannelse FVU Preparatory adult education Forberedende voksenuddannelse AVU Ordinary adult education Almen voksenuddannelse AMU Adult vocational training programme Arbejdsmarkedsuddannelse GVU Basic adult education programme Grunduddannelse for voksne VVU Further adult education programme Videregående voksenuddannelser Institutions DST Statistics Denmark Danmarks Statistik LGDK/KL Local Government Denmark Kommunernes Landsforening UVM The Ministry of Education Undervisningsministeriet DLF The Danish Union of Teachers Danmarks Lærerforening STIL National Agency for IT and Learning Styrelsen for It og Læring (former UNI·C) Other SU The Danish students' Grants and Loans Scheme Statens Uddannelsesstøtte Inclusion Inklusion Comprehensive school Enhedsskole Pre-school class Børnehaveklasse The Folkeskole Act Folkeskoleloven Common objectives Fælles mål 9 th form exams (Eksamen efter 9. Klasse) 10 th form exams School-leaving examination (Eksamen efter 10. Klasse) Folkeskolens afgangsprøve Quality report Kvalitetsrapport Subjects in the humanities Humanistiske fag Practical/Creative subjects Praktiske/musiske fag Science Subjects Naturfag Subject Fag Bilingual children Tosprogede Mother-tongue tuition Modersmålsundervisning Elective subjects Valgfag 9 Mandatory subjects Obligatoriske fag Compulsory education Skolepligt Differentiated teaching Differentieret undervisning Class teacher Klasselærer School-home cooperation Skole-hjem samarbejde National tests Nationale tests Student plan Elevplan School board Skoleråd Final school exam Afgangsprøve Grading scale Karakterskala School-based leisure time facility SFO School leader Skoleleder Special needs education Specialundervisning Mainstream class Grundklasse Special class Specialklasse Reception class Modtagerklasse Bridge building Brobygning Apprenticeship Erhvervspraktik Educational environment Undervisningsmiljø Bullying Mobning 10 Executive summary Education in Denmark consists of three levels – primary and lower secondary educa- tion, upper secondary and vocational education, and higher education. The focus of this report is the Danish ‘Folkeskole’ – the public part of primary and lower secondary education. It consists of a compulsory pre-school class (one year), forms 1 to 9 and an optional 10 th form. In Denmark, education is compulsory for all children between 6 and 7 and 15 and 16 years of age. Whether education is received in a Folkeskole, a private school or at home is a matter of the parents’ individual choice, as long as set standards are met. 82 per cent of Danish children in the compulsory form levels attend the Folkeskole. Denmark is among the most fiscally decentralized countries in the OECD. The Folke- skole is one of the core tasks of the municipalities. Within the framework set by the Folkeskole Act and the regulations issued by the Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality, the municipalities are granted full financial and organizational re- sponsibility for the Folkeskole. The municipalities are not allowed to finance schools by user fees but are committed to finance school expenditures by revenues from local taxes and general grants. The schools are responsible for ensuring that the quality of the education is in accordance with the national aims of the Folkeskole and the munic- ipal requirements. The schools are also responsible for determining the planning and organisation of the education programme. In 2014, a new school reform was initiated by a broad political majority in the Danish parliament. It is a major reform characterised by new ways of organising the school day, more time for academic development and room for new ways to learn. The reform is motivated by a need to improve both the educational performance and the wellbeing of Danish students. 1 billion DKK has been granted for competency development of teachers and schools leaders as part of the reform. The reform also envisages a more coherent system of performance management. Prior to the reform, a new legal frame- work for the utilisation of working hours of the teachers was decided upon. According to the political agreement on the 2014 reform of the Folkeskole, the aca- demic performance of Danish primary and lower secondary education ought to be ranked higher when compared to other OECD countries to which Denmark usually compares itself. A general challenge for the national level is to provide a governance framework that is capable of achieving a more effective use of school resources. In a fiscally decentralised system like the Danish, this includes establishing a governance framework that facilitates local decision making that matches resource utilisation to the local needs and contributes to the most suitable local solutions, in order to improve the educational performance of the students. One of the means of achieving this at present is through an extended and more qualified use of performance management. 11 In Denmark, the number of school-aged children is declining, and an increasing num- ber of children attend private schools. As the municipalities own and run the public schools, it is also this entity that is challenged by the demographic change and faces a continuous need for adjusting resources and school facilities. At a more general level, an ongoing debate regards the question of striking the appropriate balance between national governance and local autonomy. In adjusting the governance framework, there is a continuous search for the right balance of authority and co-operation between the three layers of governance – the national, municipal and school levels – regarding the need for ensuring implementation of national goals and reforms, along with the need for simultaneously ensuring local autonomy and adaptation. The Danish system delib- erately allows for diversity across municipalities. There is a special focus on students with special needs. A political goal is to lower the impact of socio-economic background on performance. A relatively large proportion – based on the number of students attending special needs education – of the funds for the Folkeskole have until recently been allocated to special needs education. In 2012, a national aim on including 96 per cent of all students in the ordinary Folkeskole was agreed upon. In the wake of the accompanying changes in the economic incentives to include students with special needs education in ordinary education, a tendency to- wards further inclusion of students with special education needs has been seen as a formative part of school practices. Four issues are addresses in this CBR: Governance of resources, Distribution of re- sources, Utilisation of resources and Resource Management. Methodologically, these issues are highlighted through a systematic review of articles and reports of govern- ance, distribution, utilisation and management of resources in the Danish Folkeskole. Download 1.6 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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