Country Background Report – Denmark
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10932 OECD Country Background Report Denmark
Cooperation between schools and other stakeholders
Turning from financial resources towards organizational relations, a survey-based study describes the co-operation between the schools and other stakeholders (Andersen et al. 2011). Not surprisingly, the most important collaborator of the schools is the municipal school administrations. Two out of three schools are in weekly contact with the administration, primarily regarding economic matters. Other widespread collabora- tors are the municipal social administration, the pedagogical-psychological advisers (PPR), the supervision organisation for upper secondary and vocational education (UU) and the locally established coordinative body for collaboration between schools, social authorities and police (SSP). The importance of these varies across schools, however, depending on the type of school and the socio-demographic characteristics of the students. The collaborative activities are most frequent for special schools, ordinary schools with special classes and schools with a relatively large proportion of students having a disadvantaged so- cio-economic background. 4.3 Studies of Distribution of resources and students to individual schools In this section, the studies included focus on two main topics: Resource allocation to individual schools and distribution of students to individual schools. Resource allocation to individual schools Generally, the models for distribution of resources can be based on the number of classroom lessons to be provided, given then number of students and classes (lesson- based distribution), or on the number of students enrolled in the schools (activity- based distribution) – or a combination of the two. Contrary to the presumed dominance of the lesson-based model before, and in the immediate wake of Structural reform in 2007 (Gentofte, Gladsaxe, Greve, Helsingør, Hillerød og Høje-Taastrup Kommuner 103 [2008]), the impression of LGDK is that the activity-based model is dominant in the municipalities today. However, no systematic study is available. In a case study of six municipalities from 2008, five of the six municipalities used les- son-based distribution; one municipality used activity-based distribution (Gentofte, Gladsaxe, Greve, Helsingør, Hillerød og Høje-Taastrup Kommuner [2008]). Based on the specific individual models, a 15 per cent change in student enrolment would have budgetary effects ranging from a 5.3 per cent to a 14.5 per cent change in school budg- ets. In all six municipalities, decisions regarding the number of schools, the size of school districts and the grade levels in each school were made at the municipal level, either directly by the municipal council (elected body) or by the central municipal ad- ministration. In five of the six municipalities, decisions regarding the number of classes in each grade level were made at the individual school level. Moreover, in all six municipali- ties, decisions regarding the specific number of classroom lessons in each grade level were made at the individual school level (within the limits set by the minimum re- quirements of the national legislation) (Gentofte, Gladsaxe, Greve, Helsingør, Hillerød og Høje-Taastrup Kommuner [2008]). Taking Copenhagen – the by far largest Danish municipality, covering 6 per cent of all Danish Folkeskole students – as an example, the 2014 budget for each school in Co- penhagen is comprised of a school-specific component and a student- dependent/activity-based component (Københavns Kommune 2014) with the student- dependent component being the pre-dominant one in budgetary terms. The school- specific component includes, for instance, a base budget, building costs and budgets for bilingual purposes and special needs education. The student-dependent part is graduated by the number of students in each form level. The budget for each school is allocated as grants adjustable within certain limits. For instance, the schools have the autonomy to decide the distribution between wages and other current expenditures. Furthermore, they are allowed to transfer up to 4 per cent of a budget surplus from one budget year to the next. If the budget is overrun by more than 2 per cent, an agreement on repayment should be made with the municipal admin- istration (Københavns Kommune 2014). In a survey-based study among municipal school directors, 42 per cent of the respond- ents are of the opinion that there is too little focus on student attainment and other per- formance measures when resources are distributed to the individual schools (Skolens Rejsehold 2010). |
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