Country Background Report – Denmark
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10932 OECD Country Background Report Denmark
Special needs educations
In addition to their long-standing responsibility for normal education in the Folke- skole, since the structural reform in 2007 the municipalities have also been granted the full financial and professional responsibility for special needs education at primary and lower secondary level. A number of studies have focused on the organizational and financial consequences of the new construction and paid special attention to special needs education. The first years following the 2007 reform saw an increased growth in expenditures for special needs education (KL 2010). In light of this development, a legislative change was implemented in the Folkeskole Act in 2012 and the Government and LGDK agreed on principles for a reduced exclu- sion of students to special needs education (Baviskar et al. 2014). Before these changes are detailed, the pre-2012 situation will be briefly described below, according to stud- ies conducted prior to the 2012-changes. Based on studies in 12 municipalities, the results of which were extrapolated to the national level, it was estimated – with great uncertainty –that the gross expenditure for special education in 2008/2009 amounted to 9.7 billion DKK, equalling approximately ¼ of the total expenditures for the Folke- skole (Deloitte 2010, KL 2010). The unit costs for students in special classes and spe- cial schools were estimated to be 185,000 DKK and 233,000 DKK higher, respective- ly, than for ‘ordinary’ students. The design did not allow causal inferences, but on a descriptive basis the study pointed to some indicative and potential explanations for the large and growing expenditures for special education.For instance that the centralised budget models provided the schools with no incentives for inclusion, that the visitation committees had no finan- cial responsibility and the existence of a supply-induced tendency to fill up the special education facilities at hand (KL 2010). The potential importance of the municipalities’ 101 organisation and governance of resources for special needs education are also verbal- ized by (Søndergaard Pedersen & Teglgaard Jakobsen 2012), who also touched upon the incentives at municipal and school level for enrolling students with special educa- tion needs in ordinary education According to a municipal school director survey in 2011, 85 per cent of the munici- palities had a permanent visitation committee with competencies to decide the type of special needs education that a student having learning difficulties was to attend. The financial responsibility for ordinary special needs education included in normal classes (less than 9 hours/week) and single-integrated special needs education (more than 9 hours/week) was decentralised to the individual schools. This was the case for 87 per cent of the municipalities and 28 per cent of the municipalities, respectively. Regard- ing segregated special needs education in either special classes in ordinary schools or in special schools, it was typically the municipality that carried the financial responsi- bility. The financial responsibility for students enrolled in special needs education in special classes at ordinary schools and in special schools had been decentralised from the municipal to school level in 16 per cent and one per cent of the municipalities, re- spectively (Søndergaard Pedersen & Teglgaard Jakobsen 2012). At municipal level, the economic incentives for including students with learning diffi- culties in ordinary education varied considerably. In the period 2007-2010, the typical response in half of the Danish municipalities in cases where the overall budget distrib- uted for special needs education was overrun was to finance such overconsumptions within the schools’ budgetary frame (or by reallocation of resources from other service areas). In the other half of the municipalities, the overconsumption was financed partly or fully by a supplementary appropriation for special needs education (Søndergaard Pedersen & Teglgaard Jakobsen 2012). In the spring of 2012, as mentioned in Chapter 2, a legislative change was implement- ed in the Folkeskole Act defining special needs education more explicitly than previ- ously, narrowing down the definition to activities in special schools, special classes and normal classes when the student attends at least nine hours of special needs educa- tion per week. In continuation of this, the national Government and LGDK agreed on principles for an increased inclusion of students in the Folkeskole, aiming at raising the proportion of students included in normal education to 96 per cent in 2015 (Baviskar et al. 2014). A provisional evaluation based on a sample of 12 municipalities concludes that the financial incentives embedded in the new legislative definition of special education has played an important role in changing the inclusion process. In the 12 sampled munici- palities, the student inclusion percentage gradually increased from 93.1 in 2010 to 95.5 in 2014 (Baviskar et al. 2014). The financial consequences are less conclusive. The budgetary changes vary across the 12 municipalities, but a descriptive perfunctory in- 102 spection of simple budgetary figures indicates that the total school budgets per student declined in the majority of the 12 municipalities. On the other hand, the budgets for special needs education increased in the majority of the 12 municipalities. So on the one hand, the increased inclusion of students is indicative of a higher efficiency, but on the other hand the budgetary changes are not indicative of a more economic use of resources – and so far no data exist on the effectiveness of resources in relation to the educational performance and well-being of the students, neither the included students nor the ‘normal’ students. The results of the 12 municipalities are not necessarily generalizable to all Danish mu- nicipalities. There is no control or argument for other simultaneous changes in needs, economic conditions or service standards, and the design allows no causal conclusions. Download 1.6 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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