Country Background Report – Denmark
Download 1.6 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
10932 OECD Country Background Report Denmark
Efficiency
By comparing municipalities’ service level and productivity, it is possible to calculate an index of municipalities’ service output and to identify efficiency (or productivity) potentials taking differences in expenditure levels into account (Wittrup et al. 2013). Differences between municipalities are partly due to differences in policies across mu- nicipalities. Focusing on the results for the Folkeskole, a ‘productivity potential’ across municipalities of 5.4 billion DKK is estimated with great uncertainty (Wittrup et al. 2013), equalling nearly 10 per cent of the expenditures of the Folkeskole. The estimations are however highly sensitive to variations in the municipalities’ practices for accounting costs and registering the services delivered. For the individual municipalities the productivity scores range from 1 to 0.8 and are estimated on basis of a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model with ‘benefit-of-the- doubt’ weighing of 9 indicators for school service, including the teacher-student ratio, the number of teaching lessons per week and SES-adjusted school-leaving examination marks. Only few municipalities score a 1, and hence most municipalities could in- crease productivity without changing their service level. A score of for instance 0.9 implies that the municipality could deliver the same service level using only 90per cent of the current resources. The idea of comparing service levels on output/outcomes in- stead of expenses and hence taking into account differences in productivity is very fruitful. 89 The approach does however have some shortcomings, as only service levels in areas with measureable output/outcome are considered. Hence, if municipalities prioritise delivering high service in other areas they are ranked relatively low. The practical pol- icy usefulness of the productivity analysis is somewhat questionable, as the results are highly sensitive to model specification and accounting practices (Wittrup et al. 2013). The saving potentials require causality between input and expenses. This has not been established by the study and cannot be assumed. In addition, it is questionable whether municipalities are able to mimic other municipalities perfectly to realize the saving potentials (Wittrup et al. 2013). While the study above was carried out at the municipal level, another benchmark study based on the DEA method focuses on school level and asks whether schools can deliv- er the same level of output with lower levels of input (or deliver a higher output with the same inputs). This study uses the concept of a production frontier and matches each school that is not on the frontier with a convex combination of schools on the frontier (Wittrup & Bogetoft 2011). Schools are only compared if the following two conditions are met. Firstly, output must be significantly higher in the frontier school(s), and secondly the schools must be comparable with regard to the stock of students. On average, each school is compared with five other schools. Public schools are only compared with other public schools. Around one fifth of all schools are estimated to be on the frontier (Wittrup & Bogetoft 2011). Keeping output fixed, the study finds a saving potential of 13 per cent if all schools use resources as their DEA suggested best match(es). The savings potential does not cover total costs but only costs on man-years or wages. If schools are only compared to schools within the same municipality, the saving potential is reduced to 0.6 per cent. The study concludes by investigating potential strategies to improve efficiency. Specif- ically, the authors look into school size and the share of time allocated to teaching. Based on the model used in research question one, the study finds that, on average, one third of the savings potential can be achieved by changing school size. Bearing in mind that other studies find no significant relation between school size and student perfor- mance ((Skolens Rejsehold 2010, Calmar Andersen & Winter 2011), according to (Wittrup & Bogetoft 2011) around 60 per cent of the schools are considered too small, and an optimum school is suggested to have around 500-600 students. Based on the model used in research question two, (Wittrup & Bogetoft 2011) find that around one fifth of the potential output increase can be realised by reallocation resources. Here, the model suggests that more schools could benefit from spending more time on teach- ing. Findings from the study mentioned above are reported in (Bogetoft & Wittrup 2011), which discusses the scope for reducing inefficiency. Here, the study finds that 28 per cent of the variance is explained by socio-economic factors. For the remaining vari- 90 ance, 93 per cent is explained by student characteristics (abilities) while 7 per cent is explained by school factors. The variance explained by school factors is significant. (Bogetoft & Wittrup 2011). The next step in the analyses is to link the school impact on student performance to resource usage. This is done using the DEA approach. One third of the schools are found to be fully efficient, while the overall potential for effi- ciency improvement is 13 per cent. Varying the restrictions produces estimates ranging from 9 to 20 per cent. Allowing schools only to be compared to other schools in the municipality reduces the estimate to 1 per cent. (Bogetoft & Wittrup 2011). According to the estimates, the potentials can be reached by changing school size and having teachers spending more of their time on teaching. (Bogetoft & Wittrup 2011). The study provides no evidence of causal relationships between input and output. The Danish Guidance Reform (DGR) was implemented in 2004 with regard to enrol- ment into youth education, i.e. upper secondary and vocational education. An evalua- tion of the reform finds the reform to be cost-neutral and to increase admission to youth education significantly for immigrants, whereas the improvements for native students are insignificant or at best small (Hoest, Jensen & Nielsen 2013). The study is based on a difference-in-difference design with public schools as the treatment group and private schools as the control group. The unit of analysis is students and the data base registry data from the years 2002-2007. The study focuses separately on native students and immigrant students (first and second generation). The outcome used is enrolment into upper secondary education in the same calendar year as lower second- ary education is completed. In total, the DGR is found to give significant improve- ments in enrolment for immigrants and inconclusive estimates for natives (Hoest, Jen- sen & Nielsen 2013). The main weakness of the study is that outcome is measured as Download 1.6 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling