Country Background Report – Denmark
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10932 OECD Country Background Report Denmark
enrolment into youth education. As some students drop out of upper secondary and
vocational education, a better outcome indicator would be the completion of upper secondary and vocational education. A question raised is whether specific types of private schools are more effective than public schools (Rangvid 2008). Private grammar schools and catholic schools obtain better results compared to public schools, when controlling for individual and peer characteristics. These schools are associated with an advantage of 0.15 (grammar) and 0.19 (catholic) years of subsequent education. In contrast, four private school types are negatively associated with years of education: private and continuation schools are both associated with a disadvantage of about 0.30 years, while small private school and Waldorf school students attain 0.85 and 0.79 fewer years of schooling than public- school students, respectively (Rangvid 2008). The study conjectures that, due to the lack of formal mechanisms for disseminating information about schools’ methods, programmes or academic results that have pre- vailed in Denmark during the period in which these students attended school, ineffec- tiveness might have gone unnoticed for many years. On the other hand, the study 91 acknowledges the possibility that the observed private school effects may partly or entirely be explained by selection bias. Parents who choose grammar or catholic schools may have higher (unobserved) engagement in their children’s schooling. On the other hand, continuation schools and Waldorf schools may attract more students with learning disabilities (Rangvid 2008). Since the study targets students who attend- ed school more than 20 years ago, this in itself questions the generalizability of the results in the relation to a modern agenda. The private school sector has changed (and expanded) considerably since then (Rangvid 2008). 3.7 Summary and synthesis of knowledge regarding governance of resource use in schools The studies identified as being relevant to the policy priorities mainly focus on the level of expenses, and how expenses vary over time according to socio-demography, the type of education offered (normal vs. special needs education) and the degree of competition from private schools. Due to the bottom-up method of the literature re- view, these studies do not provide a full picture of what the central policy initiatives are, but they does provide a picture of the policy initiatives which have been subject to systematic analysis. The level of expenditure of Danish primary and lower secondary education in the latest OECD figures (2011) is calculated to be above the average OECD level. In particular, there seems to a higher expenditure level in the 1 st – 6 th form. As reported by the OECD, the teacher-student ratio in Denmark is low compared to the average OECD level. From 2010 to 2013, both the total expenditures for the Folkeskole and the spend- ing per student have been declining, thus indicating increased school resource efficien- cy. Changes in the number of students are not significantly related to changes in ex- penditure level for any of the periods analysed, making it challenging to forecast the expenditure level across municipalities. The school classes may be the unit that drives the expenses rather than the number of students, due to school classes being the unit that municipal budgets are anchored in. Average spending has been stable for most of the 00s. However, in recent years there has been a decline in the expenditures for pri- mary and lower secondary education. One result which is very clear and well researched is the importance of socio- economic status (SES) for expenses as well as performance of schools. Socio- economic factors are shown to have an impact on the municipal level of school ex- penditure in Denmark. More than half of the expenditure variations between the mu- nicipalities can be explained by differences in socio-economic conditions. When con- trolled for SES, spending over all years of schooling is a more important determinant of student performance than spending in the last year of school attendance. In line with 92 this, stable budgets are found to be beneficial for student performance, whereas the level of resources or growth in resources is less or not important. 14.3 per cent of students in 2008/2009 were estimated to attend special needs educa- tion, and 19.6 per cent of the total budget was estimated to be spent on special needs education. In 2012, a national aim to include 96 per cent of the students with special needs education in normal classes was agreed upon and accompanied by a legal change in the Folkeskole and a change in the economic incentives for the municipalities to include students. Since 2012, there has been a tendency towards further integration of students in need of special education in ordinary schools rather than segregated schools. The new Act on regulation of the framework for utilisation of teachers’ working hours has been implemented, even if it has been done in a conflict-ridden atmosphere. Stud- ies show that new regulations can lead to a re-professionalisation as well as a de- professionalisation of teachers. An important point in this respect is whether the teach- ers feel that they are involved in the implementation process. Thus, it may be im- portant to consider how steering, motivation and professionalisation interact, when new policies are implemented. The studies of benchmarking show interesting variations across the municipalities and indicate a potential for improved efficiency and effectiveness of school resources. However, the problem with this type of analysis is that they often draw causal conclu- sions and conclusions regarding the potential for savings, even though their findings primarily justify conclusion based on descriptive comparisons of differences in spend- ing levels. As such, due to their inherent nature the benchmarking studies provide no causal knowledge and thus no guidelines on how the model-estimated potentials could eventually be realised. The development and rise of data use in education over the last decade has allegedly moved the sector towards a situation with increasing ‘governance by numbers’. This trend is being reinforced by the Folkeskole reform, which is currently being imple- mented, as the reform places a stronger focus on national performance measures and gives more financial and managerial autonomy to school leaders. Performance-based management has traditionally not been particularly widespread at school level in Den- mark, and school leaders see the purpose of the Folkeskole as much broader than per- formance relating to academic skills of the students. However, performance-based management and use of evaluation data are increasingly being emphasized as relevant management instruments by school leaders. At municipal level, a study indicates that Danish local politicians reward both high and low student performance by allocating more resources to the Folkeskole, whereas medium performance of the students tend to lead to a decrease in allocation of resources. 93 4 Resource distribution As the Folkeskole is the focus of this report and the full financial and organizational responsibility for the Folkeskole lies with the municipalities, the theme Resource dis- tribution mainly focuses on the municipal level. The Danish municipalities have a large degree of fiscal autonomy to decide the level and distribution of resources of the Folkeskole within the framework of the national legislation and goals. Within the legal framework of the Folkeskole Act, the municipalities have autonomy not just to allocate and organise resources for the Folkeskole, but also with regard to deciding which specific budget models to use for allocating resources to the Folke- skole at large and the specific allocation of resources to the individual schools, types of resources and purposes. For instance, the municipalities decide: • The total budget for the Folkeskole and how (part of) this is distributed to indi- vidual schools. • The school structure, i.e. the number and size of schools, and the number of and size of classes (as long as the minimum number of lessons for each form level is met, and the size of the classes does not exceed 28 students). • The level of detail for the municipal council to approve the budget, which in principle spans from granting one total budget for the entire Folkeskole area to the granting of more detailed and specific budgets for purposes such as special needs education, pedagogical advisers, competency development of teachers and school leaders, instructors for bilingual students, ICT and cleaning and maintenance of school buildings. • Which parts of the budget are allocated to common pools at municipal level, and which parts are distributed to the individual schools. The schools’ fiscal au- tonomy to reallocate resources between type of resources, tasks and years. For instance, are the individual schools allowed to – and under which conditions and within which limits – transfer budgets between wages and other current ex- penditures and/or transfer budgets from one budget year to another. Accordingly, a comprehensive picture of the resulting diversity in the Danish munici- pal school system is difficult to establish. The municipalities budget and account their expenditures according to a uniform system specified by the central government38 and controlled by independent auditors. With the reservation of inter-municipal differences in accounting practices39, and time-related changes in tasks, this uniform accounting 38 http://budregn.oim.dk/budget-og-regnskabssystem-for-kommuner.aspx . The most important accounts for school-aged children are: Public schools/Folkeskoler (account 3.22.01), Joint municipal costs for the school system (3.22.02), Home education (3.22.03), Special guidance (3.22.04), After school care (3.22.05), School busses (3.22.06), Special needs education in regions (3.22.07), Municipal special schools (3.22.08), Payment to private schools (3.22.10), Youth educational guidance (3.22.14) and Sport facilities for children and young people (3.22.18) 39 Differences may exist in, for instance, the degree to which costs for administrative personnel, ICT, auditing and maintenance of buildings are taken fromin accounts of the Folkeskole or central administrative accounts 94 system makes it possible to calculate and compare the total expenditures for the Folke- skole at large across municipalities and years. As described in Chapter 2, both the to- tal expenditures for the Folkeskole and the expenditures per student have been declin- ing since 2009. However, due to the municipal autonomy mentioned above and the accompanying di- versity in principles for allocating resources to various resource types, the municipal budgets and accounts provide no valid data basis for comparing the costs of specific resource types across municipalities or years. Budgets for ICT, buildings, school mate- rials, special needs education or special resource persons aimed at handling the chal- lenges of students with a disadvantaged social background may be more or less includ- ed in lump budgets decentralised to the individual schools. The payments of salaries for all municipal employees are registered in a common mu- nicipal data office called KRL. Accordingly, the trend in the salaries of and the num- ber of teachers as well as school leaders can be calculated. Table 4.1 shows the development in the number of teachers and the number of school leaders from 2008 to 2014. In the six year period from 2008 to 2014, the number of teachers was reduced by 11 per cent. The trend is the same whether or not pedagogical leaders of pre-school classes are included. In comparison, the number of students dropped by 4 per cent in the same period (see Table 2.3), meaning that the stu- dent/teacher ratio has been increasing since 2008. In the period from 2008 to 2014, also the number of school leaders declined by 11 per cent, indicating that school leaders on average managed a larger number of students in 2014 than in 2008. This development should be interpreted in light of a simultaneous reduction in the number of schools (see Table 5.1). Download 1.6 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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