Covello, L. (1958). The heart is the teacher
Folklore Historical Review
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Folklore and Education
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- Professionalization and the Progressive Era
Folklore
Historical Review Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Roots Though now international in scope, the discipline of folklore has its roots in antiquarian and nationalistic movements of eighteenth-century Europe. As avoca- tional scholars of the privileged classes, in reaction to the rise of Rationalism, joined in romanticizing primi- tive society across Europe, Johann Gottfried Herder gathered Volkslieder (folksongs) as the spiritual voice of das Volk, in the hope of codifying “the cultural heart and soul of a nation,” and thus elevating the idea of “peoplehood” to the basis for political movements, a philosophy and method that influenced nation builders across Europe as well as to the new United States. N. F. S. Grundtvig, a nineteenth-century Dane, seems to have been the first to argue explicitly that folk- life, as essential to the nation’s welfare, should be pro- moted by teachers in formal schooling. Grundtvig led an educational reform that resulted in the folk high school movement, as well as revitalization of trade schools and adult education including handicraft. At the end of the nineteenth century, the folk arts movement took hold in some elite schools in the United States. Professionalization and the Progressive Era At turn of the twentieth century in the United States, Progressive reformers idealized folk culture as a chal- lenge to emerging industrial capitalist society, and fol- lowing the Arts and Crafts movement begun by William Morris and his followers, held that preindus- trial work processes and handicrafts could effect social and cultural change. A cultural nationalism drawing upon work of ballad collectors in the Appalachian region developed, based largely on romanticizing the colonial past and downplaying diversity and the impact of immigration. This move, however, was not uncon- tested: Though epitomized in such institutions as Henry Ford’s new Greenfield Village, it was challenged by a plethora of “Homelands Exhibits” and international festivals highlighting the richness of immigrant culture. Within the Progressive education movement, pro- ponents of social efficiency worked to divide control of schools from their communities, with reformers attacking this “rural school problem,” while at the same time expressing nostalgia for disappearing ways of life. Social efficiency proponents erased individual and community traditions in their desire to standard- ize, and in this way equalize, educational opportunity. As African Americans and immigrants learned through schooling to be ashamed of their differences, some Progressive reformers began to examine the lack of fit between groups and schools, to question how schools damaged family and community culture. Such views were actualized in folkloristic projects including Jane Addams’s Hull House, where art shows included both elite art borrowed from museums; workers’ art documenting their homelands as well as their current predicament; Lucy Sprague Mitchell’s work at the Bureau for Educational Experiments (later, Bank Street), taking New York students out into the city to explore the folk culture of their neighbor- hoods; and Dorothy Howard’s and others’ work mak- ing folklore accessible to schoolteachers. Download 94.32 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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