Demand-oriented biogas production and biogas storage in digestate by flexibly feeding a full-scale biogas plant
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1. Introduction
In 2019, it is assumed that over 88% of the world’s primary energy demand were covered by fossil energy sources such as coal, crude oil, natural gas and uranium ( IEA, 2019 ). For the future, renewable energies must be exploited, since the reserves of fossil fuels are finite and their use has negative effects on the environment. Renewable energies include tidal and geothermal energy but for the most part consist of solar energy in the form of direct utilization (photovoltaics and solar thermal energy), hydroelectric power, wind energy and biomass (bioenergy). The unique characteristic of bioenergy among the other renewable energies is its storability ( Twidell and Weir, 2015 ). This makes biomass an excellent balancing element: At times when the power production from wind energy and photovoltaics is limited, bioenergy is able to fill in the emerging supply gaps ( Dittmer et al., 2021 ). At present, digesters are mainly based on continuous stirred tank reactors equipped with one or more mechanical mixers ( Valijanian et al., * Corresponding author. E-mail address: Benjamin.Ohnmacht@uni-hohenheim.de (B. Ohnmacht). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Bioresource Technology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biortech https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125099 Received 31 January 2021; Received in revised form 24 March 2021; Accepted 26 March 2021 Bioresource Technology 332 (2021) 125099 2 2018 ). Stirring of the digestate has always been of major interest, firstly in the digestion towers of water treatment plants ( Verhoff et al., 1974 ) and later in the specially designed biogas digesters ( Stafford, 1982 ). The main tasks of stirring are to disperse the freshly added substrates inside the reactor, to release the produced biogas out of the digestate to the gas storage, to disrupt both heat and concentration gradients and particu- larly to prevent both sinking and floating layers ( Karim et al., 2005; Kress et al., 2018 ). Recently, rheology studies showed that digestate behaves like a non- Newtonian, shear-thinning fluid ( Schneider, 2018 ): By increasing the shear stress, the apparent viscosity decreases. The focus has been on mechanical mixing, since this type is the most common one in CSTRs. It was shown that the rheology, the reactor geometry and the shape of the stirrers have a strong influence on the mixing efficiency. In some studies, the results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations could be verified in laboratory scale by the use of model fluids ( Kolano and Kraume, 2019; Kress et al., 2018; Lindmark et al., 2014a; Schneider, 2018 ). Generally, slow-moving stirrers with big-sized blades seem to be favorable in terms of power consumption, ratio of actively mixed digestion volume and mechanical stress to the microorganisms ( Singh et al., 2020 ). However, small and fast-moving mixers are often more flexible and advantageous in order to respond to sinking and floating layers ( Naegele et al., 2012 ). Further, it was shown that vigorous mixing may negatively, posi- tively or hardly affect the digester’s performance. Quality reviews on this topic were carried out by Lindmark et al. (2014b) and Singh et al. (2020) . Especially during startup and high sudden loading rates, in- stabilities, an increase in volatile fatty acids (VFAs) levels and lower biogas production rates occurred at high mixing intensities ( Karim et al., 2005; Hoffmann et al., 2008; Stroot et al., 2001 ). In these cases, switching to gentle mixing helped to stabilize the process. Further, too intensive mixing can lead to impairments of especially the synthrophs and the methanogens ( Kim et al., 2002; Stroot et al., 2001; Hoffmann et al., 2008 ). It was observed that the resultant shear stress can break up flocks and interdepended microbial communities leading to the inhibi- tion of interspecies hydrogen transfer. Generally, methanogenic micro- organisms are more vulnerable than the hydrolytic and acid-forming microorganisms ( Deublein and Steinhauser, 2008 ). This is why some researchers conclude that gentle mixing can support the methanogens by creating separated growth zones with lower VFAs concentrations ( Vavilin and Angelidaki, 2005 ). Particularly, when methanogenesis is the rate-limiting step, gentle mixing seems to be beneficial to the biogas process ( Stroot et al., 2001 ). However, contrary findings were made about the influence of mixing on the steady-state biogas production. Sulaiman et al. (2009) and Kaparaju et al. (2008) found that the biogas yield could be slightly increased by decreasing the mixing intensity. Respectively no measur- able and no meaningful influences between different mixing regimes occurred, however, fin the research of ( Lindmark et al., 2014a; Lind- mark et al., 2014b; Kowalczyk et al., 2013 and Ong et al., 2002 ). Conversely, Jiajia et al. (2011) and Karim et al. (2005) reported a pos- itive effect on the biogas production by increasing the mixing intensity. Nevertheless, many researchers conclude that biogas production is hardly or not affected by mixing duration or by mixing intensity, but the greatest benefit of reducing the mixing times is the thereto related reduction of power consumption and maintenance needs ( Lindmark et al., 2014b; Singh et al., 2020; Lemmer et al., 2013 ). Observations in practice have shown that the formed biogas is assimilated to some extent by the digestate, e.g. when the stirrers are not in operation ( Ong et al., 2002 ). The remaining part of produced biogas that is not kept by the digestate still leaves the digestate. This results in an increase in digestate volume, which can cause severe problems as blocking of gas meters or pumps may occur. Some researchers addi- tionally report economic losses since the active digestion volume is reduced, maintenance needs are increased, potentially additives must be used and assimilated biogas may be pumped out of the digester without any further usage. Long off-periods of the stirring system, e.g. in the case of malfunctions, can lead to the overflow or even to the destruction of the reactor within a day or less ( Moeller et al., 2012; Kougias et al., 2014 ). Many factors influencing the biogas assimilation were identified. The research often only refers to foam formation, but the biogas assimilation under the digestate surface has hardly been investigated. The organic loading rate (OLR) and sudden process changes seem to be the most significant factors that influence foaming. Besides VFA levels, the pres- ence of certain microorganisms, mixing settings and digestate temper- ature also have an influence on foaming. So far, no clear correlation between foaming and methane yield has been observed ( Moeller et al., 2012; Barjenbruch et al., 2000 ). The influence of the digestate’s vis- cosity on biogas assimilation under the surface has not been investigated in a full-scale digester. Besides the optimization of the stirring process, recent investigations have shown that the reactors can also be fed dynamically, which leads to a dirigible biogas production ( Mauky et al., 2017 ). Due to easier handling and lower error susceptibility, the continuous operation mode is mostly preferred. However, by adjusting the feeding to the energy demand, the otherwise needed biogas buffer capacity and the thereby related costs can be reduced immensely. Additionally, flexible feeding can be applied, although to a limited extent, to existing plants without any further extension investments ( Mauky et al., 2017 ). A targeted release of assimilated biogas in the digestate by operating the stirrers can be applied in both the continuous as well as in the dynamic opera- tion mode ( Kougias et al., 2013 ). Demand-oriented operation often requires larger-dimensioned gas pipes and high-performance substrate feeding units in order to prevent overpressure and to allow high feeding rates. The mixing system is also faced with new challenges, as it has to rapdily, but with minimal effort, disperse the added substrates. In addition, the process stability must be carefully monitored. For instance, dynamic operation can lead to dis- ruptions of microbial communities and to a shift of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) distribution which can deteriorate the digester’s perfor- mance ( Svensson et al., 2018 ). However, Lindmark et al. (2014a) and Mauky et al. (2015) found, that VFAs accumulation does not necessarily lead to process inhibitions under intense mixing. In this study, we investigated how rheology and stirring influence the biogas production in a demand-oriented operation mode. Moreover, we analysed whether the digestate’s biogas storing capacity can be used as a quickly available gas buffer to boost the apparent biogas outflow. This knowledge can help to extend the exisiting biogas formation models by the influences of stirring and biogas assimilation. Download 1.63 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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