Demand-oriented biogas production and biogas storage in digestate by flexibly feeding a full-scale biogas plant
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Table 1
Schedule of the conducted research. The duration of a particular mixing setting was one week, the mixers were operated simultaneously in on–off-intervals and the lowering of the digestate’s viscosity was achieved by dilution with a mixture of rain water and digestate. The abbreviations in the trial numbers stand for: High Viscosity (HV), Low Viscosity (LV) and Active Mixing Time of XX percent (AMTXX) within 15 min. Trial Number Trial Week Active Mixing Time/ % Viscosity 1 A - C 50 (start-up) high 2 HV_AMT80 D 80 high 3 HV_AMT100 E 100 high 4 HV_AMT33 F 33 high 5 HV_AMT10 G 10 high 6 HV_AMT50 H 50 high 7 I - K 50 transition 8 LV_AMT80 L 80 low 9 LV_AMT100 M 100 low 10 LV_AMT33 N 33 low 11 LV_AMT10 O 10 low 12 LV_AMT50 P 50 low B. Ohnmacht et al. Bioresource Technology 332 (2021) 125099 4 The averaged temperature was 49.8 ◦ C ± 1.2 ◦ C for the first block and 51.0 ◦ C ± 1.0 ◦ C for the second one. 2.5. Viscosity measurement and modelling The online tube viscometer of the research plant consists of two measuring sections with pipe diameters of 85 mm (DN80) and 110 mm (DN100), respectively. The flow rate can be set by a progressive cavity pump (KL65S 110.0 2007, Pumpenfabrik Wangen GmbH, Germany) between 3.6 m h − 1 and 65 m h − 1 . The measurable shear stress range depends and ranges mostly between 5 s − 1 to 300 s − 1 . The friction induced pressure drop is measured with a differential pressure trans- mitter (DPT-10, WIKA Alexander Wiegand SE & Co. KG, Germany). By assuming a fully developed laminar flow profile, the dynamic viscosity can be derived by using the Hagen-Poiseulle-Equation ( M¨onch-Tegeder et al., 2015 ). The viscosity η (˙ γ) of the digestate was modelled by the approach of Ostwald-and-de-Waele: η ( ˙ γ ) = K ˙γ n− 1 (4) Where ˙γ is the shear stress, K is the flow consistency coefficient and n is the flow behaviour index. 2.6. Biogas storage in the digestate In practice, biogas reactors are filled to a certain constant level h * with digestate. Above the digestate is a small headspace, mainly to buffer volume fluctuations of the digestate underneath caused by feeding, pumping or biogas assimilation. Since the volume of the liquid digestate phase increases by assimilating biogas, the storable volume of biogas in the digestate is limited by initial headspace volume before biogas accumulation. By assuming a prismatic reactor, ideal gas condi- tions, a uniform and constant pressure in the headspace, a homogenous reactor temperature, an incompressible liquid–solid-digestate-fraction and the assimilated biogas mass distributed uniformly over the diges- tate’s height, the maximum, headspace-limited biogas amount in the digestate, V digestate N,biogas , can be estimated from the differential mass balance by: V digestate N,biogas = A ⎛ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝h * R− h ⎞ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ϱ * gh * p 0 T 0 T 1 ln ( ϱ * gh * p + 1 ) (5) where A is the ground area of the reactor, h R is the reactor’s height, h * is the initial fill level of the digestate before biogas assimilation, ϱ * is the density of the digestate before biogas assimilation, T is the reactor’s temperature and p is the pressure in the headspace. Particularly, the biogas storing capacity of digestate with vanishing digestate volume is: lim h * →0 V digestate N,biogas = Ah R p p 0 T 0 T (6) which represents the volume of an empty reactor at constant tempera- ture and pressure. V digestate N,biogas is reciprocally proportional to the reactor temperature: The higher the temperature, the lower the mass density of the assimilated biogas and thus the lower the biogas amount in the assimilated gas volume. Further, V digestate N,biogas depends non-linearly on the initial headspace: The larger the initial headspace, the larger the available expansion space for assimilating biogas, but the lower the hydrostatic pressure and thus the lower the storable biogas amount. By releasing accumulated biogas from the digestate (e.g. by stirring), the real volume of the digestate phase decreases and the real volume of the headspace increases for the same amount. Since the biogas was compressed in the digestate, it expands when it is released and reaches the headspace. Thus, a part of the stirred-out biogas does not leave the digester but is still held in the now enlarged headspace. Analogously, when biogas is stored in the digestate, a part of the headspace’s volume is displaced and consequently leaves the digester. This means that the biogas storing capacity of the digestate cannot be used entirely since it is always buffered by the headspace volume. The unusable gas amount can be estimated for a given initial fill level h * by: V unusable N,biogas = A ( h R − h * ) p p 0 T 0 T (7) which is formally the biogas amount in the initial headspace at h*. Thus, the difference between Eq. (7) and (5) is the useable biogas amount V outflow N,biogas out of the digester: V useable N,biogas = A ⎛ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝h R − h * ⎞ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ T 0 T 1 p 0 ⎡ ⎢ ⎢ ⎣ ϱ * gh * ln ( ϱ * gh * p + 1 ) − p ⎤ ⎥ ⎥ ⎦ (8) Download 1.63 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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