Dosimetric characteristics of a low-kV intra-operative x-ray source: Implications for use in a clinical trial for treatment of low-risk breast cancer
M. A. Ebert and B. Carruthers: Dosimetric characteristics of a low-kV x-ray
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- E. Dose prescription
- IV. DISCUSSION A. Dosimetric modeling
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M. A. Ebert and B. Carruthers: Dosimetric characteristics of a low-kV x-ray 2427 Medical Physics, Vol. 30, No. 9, September 2003 ment uses a 30 mm diameter applicator with a dose prescrip- tion of 5 Gy to a point 10 mm distal to the applicator surface. Values calculated with Monte Carlo are compared to those calculated with the primary beam model. Figure 8 shows results of Monte Carlo calculations indi- cating the effect of the skin/air interface adjacent to the treat- ment site. The percentage dose reduction relative to the full backscatter situation is shown for situations where the applicator-surface to skin distance is 10 mm, 30 mm and 50 mm. E. Dose prescription In Fig. 9, the minimum, mean and maximum dose over the ‘‘target’’ region of a spherical shell 10 mm in width about each applicator are shown for a range of applicator sizes. The three potential prescription methods are shown with normal- ization such that the minimum dose for treatment with the 30 mm diameter applicator 共i.e., the dose at 10 mm from the applicator surface 兲 is equal to unity. IV. DISCUSSION A. Dosimetric modeling The use of basic dose distributions in water makes an intercomparison of measurement, the primary beam model and Monte Carlo model difficult as these distributions dis- play relative insensitivity to spectral variations at these ener- gies. An examination of Fig. 3 shows that there is very little difference in dose fall-off characteristic for the three x-ray energies. Greater sensitivity is naturally found in the exami- nation of actual spectral variations with distance as seen in Fig. 2. Here we see the influence of beam hardening with distance in water as changes in ( ¯ en / ) w/air of up to 5% over 100 mm for the 50 kV beam. The inclusion of scatter in the Monte Carlo model is expressed predominantly in the 30 kV beam as an additional backscatter component at shallow depths 共see Fig. 2兲. As we move through the 40 kV beam to the 50 kV beam, this shifts to a greater effect of scattered x-rays at greater distances from the source. The relative dose distributions shown in Fig. 3 indicate good agreement between measurement and both the primary beam and Monte Carlo models. The primary beam and Monte Carlo models slowly separate at depth reflecting the increasing range of secondary particles though, in general, it appears that the primary beam model provides a suitable fast and simple approximation in this homogeneous situation. The principle discrepancy with measurement occurs for all three energies at the measurement point closest to the source. This is very likely to be due to the steepness of the dose gradient at this point and the effect of averaging across the volume of the PTW Type M23342 soft x-ray parallel plate chamber. This chamber has a width of 1 mm in the direction of the dose fall-off, corresponding to a change in dose of greater than 50% at 5 mm distance from the source at 50 kV. The effective depths in breast tissue relative to water for the three x-ray energies shown in Fig. 4 shows that this ratio rapidly shallows with distance from the Intrabeam source. For the 50 kV beam at depths relevant to dose prescription 共approximately 10 mm to 40 mm兲 there will be an approxi- F IG . 6. Variations in absolute output for the 50 kV beam for a variety of applicator sizes, in this case defined as dose-rate at a distance of 30 mm from the Intrabeam source. Results of Monte Carlo simulations are shown with the manufacturer’s measured data. Normalization is to the output for the bare probe. F IG . 7. The variation in dose to the first 1 mm of bone in water as the water/bone interface is moved away from the Intrabeam source. F IG . 8. The effect of a lack of backscatter due to the patient external contour adjacent to the treatment site. The graph shows a % dose reduction due to the presence of the skin/air interface relative to the full backscatter situation, for several applicator–surface separations. For all cases, a 50 kV beam with a 30 mm diameter applicator has been utilized. Download 148.36 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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