Dosimetric characteristics of a low-kV intra-operative x-ray source: Implications for use in a clinical trial for treatment of low-risk breast cancer
M. A. Ebert and B. Carruthers: Dosimetric characteristics of a low-kV x-ray
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M. A. Ebert and B. Carruthers: Dosimetric characteristics of a low-kV x-ray 2428 Medical Physics, Vol. 30, No. 9, September 2003 mate 0.5 mm shift in the effective point of prescription 共lead- ing to an under-dose of 12% to 4% at 10 mm and 40 mm depths, respectively, in a 50 kV beam 兲. The applicators supplied with the Intrabeam add some perturbation to the dose distribution for the bare probe due to construction characteristics. In terms of the relative dose dis- tribution from the source, Fig. 5 shows that Monte Carlo has been able to characterize the dose fall-off very accurately. This was not the case for the calculation of changes in abso- lute output between applicator sizes. As shown in Fig. 6, whereas Monte Carlo was able to indicate the pattern of changes in absolute output with applicator size, there is a systematic overestimate of the attenuation introduced. This leads to an underestimate in output of between 5% and 10% across the range of applicators 共relative to the bare probe兲. The reason for this discrepancy is not known. The Intrabeam device does not incorporate feedback mechanisms to alter beam current when an applicator is attached. Regulation of dose-rate in the device relies on scatter back along the drift tube, although any variation of this due to the introduction of an applicator would be expected to be minimal. These results suggest that while the Monte Carlo model has been able to correctly simulate beam hardening and scatter effects, it should not be used 共at least in its current form兲 for absolute dosimetry. The recommended practice for the Intrabeam de- vice includes output calibration checks on each treatment occasion to account for flexing of the drift tube and limita- tions on isotropy about the source. The characterization of such output changes, including variations between centers using the Intrabeam, are part of an ongoing inter-center study. The dose delivered to bone adjacent to the treatment site 共Fig. 7兲 shows significant enhancement relative to water at all depths due to the higher relative energy absorption in bone. The clinical implications of this are discussed in the next section. The neglect of secondary particles in the pri- mary beam model is apparent in the lower estimate of bone dose relative to that provided by the Monte Carlo model, indicating that the primary beam model is quite inaccurate in a situation with tissue heterogeneity at these energies. The presence of the tissue/air interface at the patient’s skin surface has two potential consequences. If the breast resection is close to the skin surface, then the ‘‘target’’ vol- ume could extend to shallow depths. Figure 8 shows that for tissue immediately adjacent to the interface, dose reduction due to the absence of backscatter is of the order of 20%– 40%. This dose reduction continues to a lesser degree farther from the skin surface—for the situation where the center of the resection is at a depth of 25 mm 共the black curve in Fig. 8 兲 there is still a dose reduction of almost 5% at the appli- cator surface. This should be considered when performing irradiations in shallow breast resections. When target under- dosing due to this effect is of concern, surface-bolusing should be considered to maintain sufficiently high doses. An alternative interpretation of the results shown in Fig. 8 is that the dose reduction represents an advantage in terms of the extra skin-sparing that is provided. As such, for deeper resections, the reduction of backscatter near the skin surface reduces skin doses and reduces the chances of adverse skin reactions. The results shown in Fig. 8 indicate how much backscat- ter contributes to dose at this energy, and how poorly the primary beam model would be able to predict absolute doses. It must be remembered that the assumption made in the Monte Carlo model was that the breast surface is concentric with the Intrabeam applicator, with air completely surround- ing the source/tissue. As this will not be the case in reality, it is expected that the results of Fig. 8 would indicate dose differences that are greater than reality. F IG . 9. The variation in minimum, mean and maximum dose to the ‘‘target’’ region 共a spherical shell 10 mm in width about each applicator兲 with an applicator size with the prescription defined 共a兲 at the surface of each appli- cator, 共b兲 at 10 mm from the surface of each applicator and 共c兲 at 20 mm from the surface of each applicator. The prescription dose is defined as unity for the minimum dose for the 30 mm diameter applicator in each case. Download 148.36 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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