Dosimetric characteristics of a low-kV intra-operative x-ray source: Implications for use in a clinical trial for treatment of low-risk breast cancer
M. A. Ebert and B. Carruthers: Dosimetric characteristics of a low-kV x-ray
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M. A. Ebert and B. Carruthers: Dosimetric characteristics of a low-kV x-ray 2429 Medical Physics, Vol. 30, No. 9, September 2003 B. Implications for clinical trial The accuracy for dose calculation in a trial using the In- trabeam should be considered in light of general geometric and dosimetric inaccuracies associated with practical use of the device. Absolute dose delivery use in any specific treat- ment situation is variable due to the combination of uncer- tainty in the distribution of target cells, variations in output due to emission anisotropy and the steepness of the dose fall-off curve. Uncertainty in dose delivery at the time of treatment is yet to be quantified by a multi-center dosimetry study, with the results of this to be convolved with recorded dose delivery to provide a more realistic estimate of actual dose deposition throughout the trial. The utility of the considered dose calculation models lies in their ability to verify measured dose distributions, 5 deter- mine the effects of inhomogeneities and indicate feasible variations in dose across ‘‘target’’ volumes. Variations in dose deposition in breast tissues relative to water were inves- tigated for their effect on dose–volume histograms 共DVHs兲 for the ‘‘target’’ about each applicator. The effect on the shape of the DVH is insignificant though there is a small shifting of actual delivered doses to lower doses. This effect can also be accounted for via a systematic shift of recorded doses. The significance of the dose enhancement in bone should be considered in light of factors such as bone dose in this example compared with bone dose in external beam treat- ments; irradiation with a single fraction; the possible depth of ribs relative to the Intrabeam source; other dose-limiting normal tissue reactions. Conventional external beam radiotherapy for localized breast cancer can limit rib doses significantly resulting in minimal late effects in ribs. 20 External beam irradiation post- mastectomy leads to higher rib doses and it has indeed been found that in such a case, a reduction in fraction number leads to a greater incidence of rib fracture 共Overgaard, 1988 兲. 21 Using the data from Overgaard, 21 the estimated single fraction dose required for 6% risk of rib fracture is between approximately 13 Gy and 16 Gy 共for ␣ /  between 1.8 Gy and 2.8 Gy 兲. In the situation modeled for Fig. 7, dose to the bone surface when 15 mm from the applicator was 13 Gy, indicating considerable risk at this distance. Fall-off in this value to 2 Gy occurs very rapidly, however, and it is suggested that risk to bone for these treatments would be minimal for all but deep-seated tumors or small-breasted, low-weight women. Other dose limiting normal tissue reactions 共breast tissue fibrosis and necrosis 兲 have been considered in detail, with the conclusion that dose delivery with the Intrabeam poses minimal threat to radiation induced damage, except for nor- mal breast tissue in the immediate location of the treatment site. 22 For consistency in dose prescription, it is convenient to refer the prescription point to the outside surface of the ap- plicator used. Unfortunately, as Fig. 9 indicates, this leads to substantial variations in dose–volume relationships across the range of applicator sizes. This is coupled with a large variation in effective target volume and a potential number of target cells with applicator size. For example, if the ‘‘target’’ is considered as a spherical shell extending 10 mm from the applicator outer surface, then there is a variation in target volume from 2.1 ⫻10 4 mm 3 to 1.1 ⫻10 5 mm 3 for applicators 15 mm to 50 mm in diameter. Due to the potential influence of these two effects on trial outcomes, the selection of an applicator at the time of treatment 共i.e., the size of the resec- tion volume 兲 will need to be recorded throughout the trial. The selection of the prescription point will also affect trial outcomes. An important consideration is the potential distri- bution of residual clonogenic cells following a lumpectomy. Trial design will require a surgical margin about the tumor of at least 10 mm 共limited by a desire for a good cosmetic outcome 兲. Previous pathologic studies of resection have shown that a margin of greater than 1 mm is acceptable provided adjuvant radiotherapy is applied. 19 Even without ‘‘boost’’ radiotherapy, the incidence of local recurrence in low-risk breast cancer patients following surgical resection is approximately 9%, 6 indicating a relatively low proportion of viable cells remaining after resection. As such, the actual distribution of viable cells from the resection site is un- known, though it will be very sparse. The current guidelines of the protocol are to maintain doses to 5 Gy within 10 mm of the applicator surface. The selection of a prescription point can significantly alter the range of applied doses because of the steep dose fall-off from the Intrabeam source. As seen in Fig. 9, prescription at the surface of the applicator, although leading to mainte- nance of maximum doses, leads to variations in minimum doses that would have to be considered. A prescription at 10 mm or 20 mm from the surface maintains minimum doses at the expense of larger variations in maximum doses. The ben- efit of moving the prescription point away from the applica- tor surface is a reduction in the range of doses 共minimum to maximum 兲 across the range of applicator sizes, though the difference in this range between the prescription at 10 mm and 20 mm is minimal. A disadvantage to shifting the pre- scription point farther from the source is an increase in the normal breast tissue dose. The resulting increasing risk of breast necrosis, particularly when larger applicators are used, is substantial. 22 In practicality, the method selected for dose prescription has been based on maintaining the prescription dose as the minimum dose delivered to the irradiation ‘‘target’’—a spherical shell extending to 10 mm from the applicator surface. The recommendation would therefore be to prescribe the dose at a distance of at least 10 mm from the applicator surface 共or at the outer radius of the hypothesized target 兲. Download 148.36 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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