Economic Growth Second Edition
The Solow–Swan Model with Labor-Augmenting Technological Progress
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BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2
The Solow–Swan Model with Labor-Augmenting Technological Progress
We assume now that the production function includes labor-augmenting technological progress, as shown in equation (1.34), and that the technology term, T (t), grows at the constant rate x. The condition for the change in the capital stock is ˙K = s · F[K, L · T (t)] − δK If we divide both sides of this equation by L, we can derive an expression for the change in k over time: ˙k = s · F[k, T (t)] − (n + δ) · k (1.36) The only difference from equation (1.13) is that output per person now depends on the level of the technology, T (t). Divide both sides of equation (1.36) by k to compute the growth rate: ˙k/k = s · F[k, T (t)]/k − (n + δ) (1.37) As in equation (1.23), ˙ k /k equals the difference between two terms, where the first term is the product of s and the average product of capital, and the second term is n + δ. The only difference is that now, for given k, the average product of capital, F[k, T (t)]/k, increases over time because of the growth in T (t) at the rate x. In terms of figure 1.4, the downward- sloping curve, s · F( · )/k, shifts continually to the right, and, hence, the level of k that corresponds to the intersection between this curve and the n + δ line also shifts continually to the right. We now compute the growth rate of k in the steady state. By definition, the steady-state growth rate, ( ˙k/k) ∗ , is constant. Since s, n, and δ are also constants, equation (1.37) implies that the average product of capital, F[k, T (t)]/k, is constant in the steady state. Because of constant returns to scale, the expression for the average product equals F[1 , T (t)/k] and is therefore constant only if k and T (t) grow at the same rate, that is, ( ˙k/k) ∗ = x. Output per capita is given by y = F[k, T (t)] = k · F[1, T (t)/k] Since k and T (t) grow in the steady state at the rate x, the steady-state growth rate of y equals x. Moreover, since c = (1 − s) · y, the steady-state growth rate of c also equals x. To analyze the transitional dynamics of the model with technological progress, it will be convenient to rewrite the system in terms of variables that remain constant in the steady state. Since k and T (t) grow in the steady state at the same rate, we can work with the ratio ˆk ≡ k/T (t) = K/[L · T (t)]. The variable L · T (t) ≡ ˆL is often called the effective amount of labor—the physical quantity of labor, L, multiplied by its efficiency, T (t). (The terminology Growth Models with Exogenous Saving Rates 55 effective labor is appropriate because the economy operates as if its labor input were ˆL.) The variable ˆk is then the quantity of capital per unit of effective labor. The quantity of output per unit of effective labor, ˆy ≡ Y/[L · T (t)], is given by ˆy = F(ˆk, 1) ≡ f (ˆk) (1.38) Hence, we can again write the production function in intensive form if we replace y and k by ˆy and ˆk, respectively. If we proceed as we did before to get equations (1.13) and (1.23), but now use the condition that A (t) grows at the rate x, we can derive the dynamic equation for ˆk: ˙ˆk/ˆk = s · f (ˆk)/ˆk − (x + n + δ) (1.39) The only difference between equations (1.39) and (1.23), aside from the hats (ˆ), is that the last term on the right-hand side includes the parameter x. The term x + n + δ is now the effective depreciation rate for ˆk ≡ K/ ˆL. If the saving rate, s, were zero, ˆk would decline Download 0.79 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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