Economic Growth Second Edition
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BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2
1.2.12
Technological Progress Classification of Inventions We have assumed thus far that the level of technology is constant over time. As a result, we found that all per capita variables were constant in the long run. This feature of the model is clearly unrealistic; in the United States, for example, the average per capita growth rate has been positive for over two centuries. In the absence of technological progress, diminishing returns would have made it impossible to maintain per capita growth for so long just by accumulating more capital per worker. The neoclassical economists of the 1950s and 1960s recognized this problem and amended the basic model 24. We could extend the model by allowing for temporary shocks to σ 2 u or for major disturbances like wars or oil shocks that affect large subgroups of economies in a common way. In this extended model, the dispersion could depart from the deterministic path that we derived; for example, D t could rise in some periods even if D 0 began above its steady-state value. 52 Chapter 1 to allow the technology to improve over time. These improvements provided an escape from diminishing returns and thus enabled the economy to grow in per capita terms in the long run. We now explore how the model works when we allow for such technological advances. Although some discoveries are serendipitous, most technological improvements reflect purposeful activity, such as research and development (R&D) carried out in universities and corporate or government laboratories. This research is sometimes financed by private institutions and sometimes by governmental agencies, such as the National Science Foun- dation. Since the amount of resources devoted to R&D depends on economic conditions, the evolution of the technology also depends on these conditions. This relation will be the subject of our analysis in chapters 6–8. At present, we consider only the simpler case in which the technology improves exogenously. The first issue is how to introduce exogenous technological progress into the model. This progress can take various forms. Inventions may allow producers to generate the same amount of output with either relatively less capital input or relatively less labor input, cases referred to as capital-saving or labor-saving technological progress, respectively. Inventions that do not save relatively more of either input are called neutral or unbiased. The definition of neutral technological progress depends on the precise meaning of capital saving and labor saving. Three popular definitions are due to Hicks (1932), Harrod (1942), and Solow (1969). Hicks says that a technological innovation is neutral (Hicks neutral) if the ratio of marginal products remains unchanged for a given capital-labor ratio. This property corresponds to a renumbering of the isoquants, so that Hicks-neutral production functions can be written as Y = T (t) · F(K, L) (1.33) where T (t) is the index of the state of the technology, and ˙T (t) ≥ 0. Harrod defines an innovation as neutral (Harrod neutral) if the relative input shares, (K · F K )/(L · F L ), remain unchanged for a given capital-output ratio. Robinson (1938) and Uzawa (1961) showed that this definition implied that the production function took the form Y = F[K, L · T (t)] (1.34) where T (t) is the index of the technology, and ˙T (t) ≥ 0. This form is called labor-augmenting technological progress because it raises output in the same way as an increase in the stock of labor. (Notice that the technology factor, T (t), appears in the production function as a multiple of L.) Finally, Solow defines an innovation as neutral (Solow neutral) if the relative input shares, (L · F L )/(K · F K ), remain unchanged for a given labor/output ratio. This definition can be Growth Models with Exogenous Saving Rates 53 shown to imply a production function of the form Y = F[K · T (t), L] (1.35) where T (t) is the index of the technology, and ˙T (t) ≥ 0. Production functions of this form are called capital augmenting because a technological improvement increases production in the same way as an increase in the stock of capital. Download 0.79 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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