Economic Growth Second Edition
Figure 2.3 Phase diagram for the behavior of the saving rate (in the Cobb–Douglas case)
Download 0.79 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2
Figure 2.3
Phase diagram for the behavior of the saving rate (in the Cobb–Douglas case). In the Cobb–Douglas case, the savings rate behaves monotonically. Panel a shows the phase diagram for ˆc / ˆy and ˆk when the parameters are such that (δ + ρ + θx)/θ > α · (x + n + δ). Since the stable arm is upward sloping, the consumption ratio increases as the economy grows toward the steady state. Hence, in this case, the saving rate (one minus the consumption rate) declines monotonically during the transition. Panel b considers the case in which (δ + ρ + θx)/θ < α ·(x +n +δ). The stable arm is now downward sloping and, therefore, the saving rate increases monotonically during the transition. Panel c considers the case (δ + ρ + θx)/θ + α · (x + n + δ). The stable arm is now horizonal, which means that the saving rate is constant during the transition. is more likely to rise during the transition. This result follows because a higher θ weakens the substitution effect from the interest rate. In the particular case where ψ = 0, the saving rate is constant at its steady-state value, s ∗ = 1/θ, during the transition. For this combination of parameters, it turns out that the wealth and substitution effects cancel out, so that the saving rate remains constant as the capital stock grows toward its steady state. Thus, the constant saving rate in the Solow– Swan model is a special case of the Ramsey model. However, even in this case, there is an important difference from the Solow–Swan model. The level of s in the Ramsey model is dictated by the underlying parameters and cannot be chosen arbitrarily. In particular, an arbitrary choice of s in the Solow–Swan model may generate results that are dynamically inefficient if s leads the economy to a steady-state capital stock that is larger than the golden rule. This outcome is impossible in the Ramsey model. In a later discussion, we use the baseline values ρ = 0.02 per year, δ = 0.05 per year, n = 0.01 per year, and x = 0.02 per year. If we also assume a conventional capital share of α = 0.3, the value of θ that generates a constant saving rate is 17; that is, s ∗ < 1/θ applies and the saving rate falls—counterfactually—as the economy develops unless θ exceeds this high value. 110 Chapter 2 We noted for the Solow–Swan model that the theory cannot fit the evidence about speeds of convergence unless the capital-share coefficient, α, is much larger than 0.3. Values in the neighborhood of 0.75 accord better with the empirical evidence, and these high values of α are reasonable if we take a broad view of capital to include the human components. We show in the following section that the findings about α still apply in the Ramsey growth model, which allows the saving rate to vary over time. If we assume α = 0.75, along with the benchmark values of the other parameters, the value of θ that generates a constant saving rate is 1.75. That is, the gross saving rate rises (or falls) as the economy develops if θ is greater (or less) than 1.75. If θ = 1.75, the gross saving rate is constant at the value 0.57. We have to interpret this high value for the gross saving rate by including in gross saving the various expenditures that expand or maintain human capital; aside from expenses for education and training, this gross saving would include portions of the outlays for food, health, and so on. Our reading of empirical evidence across countries is that the saving rate tends to rise to a moderate extent with per capita income during the transition. The Ramsey model can fit this pattern, as well as the observed speeds of convergence, if we combine the benchmark parameters with a value of α of around 0.75 and a value of θ somewhat above 2. The value of θ cannot be too much above 2 because then the steady-state saving rate, s ∗ , shown in equation (2.34), becomes too low. For example, the value θ = 10 implies s ∗ = 0.22, which is too low for a broad concept that includes gross saving in the form of human capital. Download 0.79 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling