Economic Growth Second Edition
Figure 2.4 Numerical estimates of the speed of convergence in the Ramsey model
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BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2
Figure 2.4
Numerical estimates of the speed of convergence in the Ramsey model. The exact speed of convergence (displayed on the vertical axis) is a decreasing function of the distance from the steady state, ˆk /ˆk ∗ (shown on the horizontal axis). The analysis assumes a Cobb–Douglas production function, with results reported for two values of the capital share, α = 0.30 and α = 0.75. The change in the convergence speed during the transition is more pronounced for the smaller capital share. The value of the convergence speed, β, at the steady state (ˆk/ˆk ∗ = 1) is the value that we found analytically with a log-linear approximation around the steady state (equation [2.41]). 116 Chapter 2 of the initial gap from ˆk ∗ . Panel a of figure 2.5 shows how the gap between ˆk and ˆk ∗ is eliminated over time if the economy begins with ˆk /ˆk ∗ = 0.1 and if α = 0.3 or 0.75. As an example, if α = 0.75, it takes 38 years to close 50 percent of the gap, compared with 45 years from the linear approximation. Panel b in figure 2.5 displays the level of consumption, expressed as ˆc /ˆc ∗ ; panel c the level of output, ˆy / ˆy ∗ ; and panel d the level of gross investment, ˆı /ˆı ∗ . Note that for α = 0.75, the paths of ˆc /ˆc ∗ and ˆy / ˆy ∗ are similar, because the gross saving rate and, hence, ˆc / ˆy change only by small amounts in this case (discussed later). Panel e shows γ ˆy , the growth rate of ˆy. For α = 0.3, the model has the counterfactual implication that the initial value of γ ˆy (corresponding to ˆk /ˆk ∗ = 0.1) is implausibly large, about 15 percent per year, which means that γ y is about 17 percent per year. This kind of result led King and Rebelo (1993) to dismiss the transitional behavior of the Ramsey model as a reasonable approximation to actual growth experiences. We see, however, that for α = 0.75, the model predicts more reasonably that γ ˆy would begin at about 3.5 percent per year, so that γ y would be about 5.5 percent per year. Panel f shows the gross saving rate, s (t). We know from our previous analytical results for the Cobb–Douglas case, given the assumed values of the other parameters, that s (t) falls monotonically when α = 0.3 and rises monotonically when α = 0.75. For α = 0.3, the results are counterfactual in that the model predicts a fall in s (t) from 0.28 at ˆk/ˆk ∗ = 0.1 to 0.22 at ˆk /ˆk ∗ = 0.5 and 0.18 at ˆk/ˆk ∗ = 1. The predicted levels of the saving rate are also unrealistically low for a broad concept of capital. In contrast, for α = 0.75, the moderate rise in the saving rate as the economy develops fits well with the data. The saving rate rises in this case from 0.41 at ˆk /ˆk ∗ = 0.1 to 0.44 at ˆk/ˆk ∗ = 0.5 and 0.46 at ˆk/ˆk ∗ = 1. The predicted level of the saving rate is also reasonable if we take a broad view of capital. Panel g displays the behavior of the interest rate, r . Note that the steady-state interest rate is r ∗ = ρ + θx = 0.08, and the corresponding marginal product is f (ˆk ∗ ) = r ∗ + δ = 0.13. If we consider the initial position ˆk (0)/ˆk ∗ = 0.1, as in figure 2.5, the Cobb–Douglas production function implies f [ˆk (0)]/f (ˆk ∗ ) = [ˆk(0)/ˆk ∗ ] α−1 = (10) 1 −α Hence, for α = 0.3, we get f [ˆk (0)] = 5 · f (ˆk ∗ ) = 0.55. In other words, with a capital- share coefficient of around 0.3, the initial interest rate (at ˆk[0] /ˆk ∗ = 0.1) would take on the unrealistically high value of 60 percent. This counterfactual prediction about interest rates was another consideration that led King and Rebelo (1993) to reject the transitional dynamics of the Ramsey model. However, if we assume our preferred capital-share coefficient, α = 0 .75, we get f [ˆk (0)] = 1.8 · f (ˆk ∗ ) = 0.23, so that r(0) takes on the more reasonable value of 18 percent. Growth Models with Consumer Optimization 117 0.75 0.3 (a) kˆ kˆ kˆ * 0 1 0.5 0 50 100 150 Years 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 (e) Growth rate of yˆ yˆ 0.1 0.05 0 Years (f ) Saving rate (g) Interest rate s 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 Years (b) cˆ cˆ cˆ * 1 0.5 0 Years (c) yˆ yˆ yˆ * 1 0.5 0 Years (d) iˆ iˆ iˆ * 1.5 1 0.5 0 Years r 0.6 0.4 0 0.2 Years (h) Capital Output ratio (kˆ yˆ ) (kˆ * yˆ * ) 1 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 Years Download 0.79 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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