Economic Growth Second Edition
Figure 2.5 Numerical estimates of the dynamic paths in the Ramsey model
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BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2
Figure 2.5
Numerical estimates of the dynamic paths in the Ramsey model. The eight panels display the exact dynamic paths of eight key variables: the values per unit of effective labor of the capital stock, consumption, output, and investment, the growth rate of output per effective worker, the saving rate, the interest rate, and the capital-output ratio. The first four variables and the last one are expressed as ratios to their steady-state values; hence, each variable approaches 1 asymptotically. The analysis assumes a Cobb–Douglas production technology, where the dotted line in each panel corresponds to α = 0.30 and the solid line to α = 0.75. The other parameters are reported in the text. The initial capital per effective worker is assumed in each case to be one-tenth of its steady-state value. 118 Chapter 2 The final panel in figure 2.5 shows the behavior of the capital-output ratio, (ˆk/ ˆy), expressed in relation to (ˆk ∗ / ˆy ∗ ). Kaldor (1963) argued that this ratio changed relatively little during the course of economic development, and Maddison (1982, chapter 3) sup- ported this view. These observations pertain, however, to a narrow concept of physical capital, whereas our model takes a broad perspective to include human capital. The cross- country data show that places with higher real per capita GDP tend to have higher ratios of human capital in the form of educational attainment to physical capital (see Judson, 1998). This observation suggests that the ratio of human to physical capital would tend to rise during the transition to higher levels of real per capita GDP (see chapter 5 for a theoretical discussion of this behavior). If the ratio of physical capital to output remains relatively stable, the capital-output ratio for a broad measure of capital would increase during the transition. With a Cobb–Douglas production function, the capital-output ratio is ˆk / ˆy = (1/A) · (ˆk) (1−α) . If α = 0.3, an increase in ˆk by a factor of 10 would raise ˆk/ ˆy by a factor of 5, a shift that departs significantly from the observed variations in ˆk / ˆy over long periods of economic development. In contrast, if α = 0.75, an increase in ˆk by a factor of 10 would raise ˆk / ˆy by a factor of only 1.8. For a broad concept of capital, this behavior appears reasonable. The main lesson from the study of the time paths in figure 2.5 is that the transitional dynamics of the Ramsey model with a conventional capital-share coefficient, α, of around 0.3 does not provide a good description of various aspects of economic development. For an economy that starts far below its steady-state position, the inaccurate predictions include an excessive speed of convergence, unrealistically high growth and interest rates, a rapidly declining gross saving rate, and large increases over time in the capital-output ratio. All of these shortcomings are eliminated if we take a broad view of capital and assume a correspondingly high capital-share coefficient, α, of around 0.75. This value of α, together with plausible values of the model’s other parameters, generate predictions that accord well with the growth experiences that we study in chapters 11 and 12. Download 0.79 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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