Edition 2020 Ninth edition
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a6048c931cdc93 TEGOVA EVS 2020 digital
preciable amount of an asset over its useful life". It is the reporting entity, not the
valuer, who will decide how to depreciate the depreciable amount and who will prepare the depreciation calculations. 3.3. Depreciable amount — This is defined in IAS 16 as "the cost of an asset, or other amount substituted for cost, less its residual value". 3.4. Residual value — Under IAS 16, this is "the estimated amount that an entity would currently obtain from disposal of the asset, after deducting the estimated costs of disposal, if the asset were already of the age and in the condition expected at the end of its useful life". 3.5. Useful life — IAS 16 defines useful life, as it applies to real property, as "the period over which an asset is expected to be available for use by an entity". Therefore if a particular building is shortly to become surplus to the entity's operational require- ments and demolished, its useful life for the particular reporting entity may be less than the useful life that other owners would have attributed to the building if it had not been surplus to their needs. If asked to establish or to assist in establishing the useful life of buildings, the valuer should therefore liaise with the reporting entity, so as to be aware of the entity's intentions for the various buildings. 3.6. Depreciated Replacement Cost of a building is the cost of replacing it so as to fulfil the functions for which it is used, after allowing for ageing, wear and tear and obsolescence. It is generally determined by starting with the replacement cost as new using reconstruction costs current at the valuation date. These will gener- ally be based on current technical standards for buildings with modern materials and methods. The depreciated replacement cost will include the fees associated with the construction. It will generally be used as the basis for apportionment in cases where the valuer has decided to approach it by first determining the 'value' of the buildings. 3.7. Excess land (or surplus land) is land within the property that is not essential to the operational purposes of the buildings. Thus land that is used by the entity for parking or for external storage should not be considered as surplus land, whereas unused land or land let out to third parties would be considered to be surplus to the entity's requirements. European Valuation Standards 2020 I.B. - EVGN 4: Apportionment of Value between Land and Buildings 137 4. Commentary 4.1. The valuer's judgment and selected methodology will determine the adjustments necessary to provide a realistic and justifiable opinion of apportionment. 4.2. The sum to be apportioned is commonly either: • The Market Value or Fair Value of the property established by appropriate use of the three internationally recognised valuation approaches; or • The price of the transaction by which the property was acquired by the entity (historic cost). 4.3. In some jurisdictions there may be policies for apportionment of certain classes of property established by law, government agencies or local practice. They may or may not be mandatory. The valuer may need to explain or justify the method used. 4.4. In some countries, permanent buildings cannot be sold separately from the land on which they stand. Similarly, the land element of a built property cannot usually be sold separately from the buildings that stand on it (apart from any surplus land). While evidence of sales of bare land will often be available, such sales will generally have taken place on the basis of the value that the market sees in the property (in- cluding its potential uses), whereas in the theoretical world of apportionments the use of the land is deemed to be restricted to the current use. In view of all this, it is unlikely that valuers will be able to directly value either of the two component parts by directly applying evidence obtained from comparable sales of land without its buildings or buildings without the land on which they stand. 4.5. Therefore, where the requirement is to apportion value between land and build- ings on that land, the apportionment process will usually be dealt with in one of the three following ways: • Determining the value of the unimproved land for its existing use at the relevant date and then deducting this value from the value or price of the property in order to obtain the value attributable to the buildings; or • Determining the depreciated replacement cost of the buildings and of any im- provements to the land at the relevant date and deducting it from the value or price of the property in order to obtain the value of the land; or 138 I.B. - EVGN 4: Apportionment of Value between Land and Buildings European Valuation Standards 2020 • Determining the value of the unimproved land, then the depreciated replace- ment cost of the buildings, adding the two amounts together, then adjusting each in proportion to the relationship that the sum of the values of the two components bears to the value or price that is to be apportioned. 4.6. The land — The component of the property that is the land is considered to be the bare land in an undeveloped state but with planning permission for construction and for the current use of the buildings. In countries where additional permits are required for particular uses (e.g. for large retail complexes), those permits are also assumed to exist and to be part of the land. The services that exist are assumed to be available for connection but all built improvements within the boundaries of the property such as roads, fences, paved areas and other site works are exclud- ed, as they have to be depreciated. The valuation will thus reflect the advantag- es and disadvantages of the site and its location for the current use. It must not include any development potential over and above that required for the buildings being considered. 4.7. Bare land in an undeveloped state might still have significant infrastructure instal- lations, the costs of which will, for the most part, be depreciable amounts. Land without any infrastructure might be worth very little, so care is required to avoid double counting. 4.8. If an entity is being valued under a DRC approach due to a lack of market transac- tions for what might be a specialised use, the availability of land transactions for that use is likely to be lacking. If the requirement is for special permits or licences which may be possible in only a few locations there may be an element of premium pricing for land in that use. Equally, where the entity is of low value compared to other uses, the land might be worth a small amount. 4.9. Some valuers and auditors in these circumstances have adopted a value for land that a prevailing local use might generate. For example, a site for a school may be in a residential area and the prevailing use would be residential. The logic is that a purchaser would compete to acquire the land at its highest value and may then choose to use it for a lower value end use. 4.9.1. This creates a valuation problem in that there may be no planning approval for the alternative use and it may not be obtained. One common approach is to discount the alternative use value by a percentage, but this has no evidential base. 4.9.2. If the land value is greater than the value under existing use, then the basis for valuing the land needs to form part of the apportionment to maintain consistency. European Valuation Standards 2020 I.B. - EVGN 4: Apportionment of Value between Land and Buildings 139 4.10. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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