Eltam journal no 2 8th eltam iatefl tesol international biannual conference managing teaching and learning
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Developing Language Skills through Case (1)
1. Bottom-up processing
Bottom-up strategies in listening involve processing single items, such as acoustic signals, sounds, words, and segmenting speech into larger units such as phrases, clauses, sentences and intonation patterns. Meaning is inferred from the available clues in the speech flow, and lexical knowledge is employed to assign meanings to words and use logical reasoning to infer the relationships between them. In the process of inferring the meaning predictions are made about what might come next. During these processes the load on short-term memory is heavy as listeners try to hold various parts of the message in mind while inferring meaning and deciding what is necessary to retain. Overload can occur if there is too much unfamiliar information and, as a result, a greater part of the message can be lost. In such cases only the gist of the spoken message is retained and stored in the long-term memory, and its detailed structure is lost (Hedge 2000:231). This is exacly what happens when students rely mainly on bottom-up reconstruction of meaning where the amount of unfamiliar vocabulary is too big. One of the activities based on optimising bottom up processing in listening is dictogloss. It facilitates intensive listening and encourages students to worktogether and produce language forms collaboratively by reconstructing a textpresented to them orally. In a dictogloss, the teacher reads aloud a short text at a normal pace while studentsjot down any words or phrases they know as they listen. The students listen to the text three or four times and each time add new words or segments of text which precede or follow the words they have put down in the previous listening. Then they work in small groups or pairs to reproduce the text as closely as possible tothe original text. In the original version of dictogloss (Wajnryb 1990), students should use thetarget language to discuss the accuracy of their language use. T he teacher’s role is to monitor students’ activities and providefeedback, correction or language input. Finally, the reconstructed text is analyzed, comparedwith the original, and corrected by students and the teacher together.At this stage, students discuss the choices they have made, and the teacher helps them understand and fix their linguistic problems.The text used for a dictogloss can be authentic or constructed/ modified by the teacher. The overload of the short-term memory in this activity could be reduced by modifying the task, so that the discussion and all collaborative work is done by students in their own language. Thus students' efforts are redirected to remembering and reconstructing the text as a final product, and time is not wasted on thinking about the correct wording of discussion language. As a follow-up activity the whole text can be divided into several parts and translated orally into 9 Bulgarian by different students in turns. This could be done as a whole class activity, so that all students can listen to and discuss the suggested versions and offer changes and improvements on the spot. In this way oral translation, which involves quick code-switching is made easier, because the students are already familiar with the text since they have been engaged in intensive decoding of meaning in the previous activity. The procedures for applying bottom-up strategies in reading are similar, though with the major advantage of visual support. A noticing and highlighting activity can be used for identifuing the key vocabulary and structures which help students deduce the main meaning of the text. Then these prompts can be translated into the new language and different translation equivalents can be compared and discussed. This bottom-up scanning activity can be done collaboratively in pairs or groups and then the results can be discussed whole class. Students' own language can be used to reduce the work load and to save time for producing a translation, which again is discussed whole class with feedback offered by teacher and the students in their own language. The same exercise can be done with a source text in students' own language which has to be translated into English. This will save effort, time and will increase students confidence and motivation to achieve their goal and work towards an end product rather than struggling with the new languge as a means. It is important for the texts to be short, and to contain the new language which has already been taught in class, so that students would not need to spend time looking words up in dictionaries. These mini-translation or interpreting activities should be short and used mainly for revision and consolidation of items and patterns previously taught. Download 1.42 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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