CHAPTER II. COST CONCEPTS AND DESIGN ECONOMICS
TERMINOLOGIES
Fixed cost
– those that are unaffected by changes in activity level over a feasible range of
operations for the capacity or capability available. (Insurance and taxes on facilities, general
management and administrative salaries, license fees and interest costs of borrowed capital)
Variable cost
– are those associated with an operation that vary in relation to changes in quantity of
output or other measures of activity level. For the example, the cost of materials and labor used in a
product or service are variable costs
– because they vary with the number of output units even
though the costs per unit stay the same.
Incremental cost (incremental revenue)
– refers to the additional cost or revenue that will result for
increasing the output of a system by one of more units. This is often quite difficult to determine in
practice. Thus if to produce 100 units will cost P200, and the total cost for producing 110 units is
P215, then the increment cost for additional 10 units is P15 or 1.50 per unit.
Recurring costs
– costs that are repetitive and occur where an organization produces similar goods
or services on a continuing basis. Variable cost are also recurring costs, because they repeat with
each unit of output. Fixed cost that is paid on a repeatable basis is a recurring cost (ex. office space
rental)
Non-recurring costs
– are those that are not repetitive even though the total expenditures maybe
cumulative over a relatively short period of time. Usually it involves the developing or establishing
a capability or capacity to operate.
Direct cost
– those that can be reasonably measured and allocated to a specific output or work
(labor and materials).
Indirect cost
– costs that are difficult to attribute or allocate to a specific output. They are costs
allocated through a selected formula (such as proportional to direct labor hours or direct materials)
to the outputs or work activities (ex. Cost of common tools, general supplies equipment
maintenance).
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