English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- Different forms of coordination
Non-standard forms
Elsewhere in this book we discuss a number of cases that are regarded variously (depending on who you talk to) as nonstandard, incorrect or acceptable but informal. These include: agreement following existential ❏ there: There’s your pills. (vs There are your pills; see A8) contact relative clauses with the ❏ subject deleted: There’s a lot of people think he’s crazy. (See B10.) the use of ❏ they to refer back to an indefinite noun phrase (see B2) nonstandard pronouns (for example: ❏ y’all, hisself – see B2) Different forms of coordination In formal written language, when there is a list of coordinated items, the normal ‘rule’ is to place and between the last and lastbutone item. We need ham, cheese, water and bread. While variations on this pattern may occur in writing, they are more common in speech, perhaps as a result of planning issues (e.g. speakers may not know which is the last but one item in a list). Variations are found with the repeated use of and between clauses, as in this extract from one of the texts in C12: . . . I – was also in the marching band – and – basically – we had to – perform at football games – at the 4th of July parade of course – and we had to wear these horrible uniforms – . . . – and we had to march in formation out on the football field . . . (See also the reading in D12.) Another possibility is to omit and in phrasal coordination: Good money, good conditions, long holidays – what else do you want? Vocatives Vocatives are words or phrases used in speech to draw the attention of a person or persons to what the speaker is saying. The choice of an appropriate vocative to reflect the relationship between speaker and hearer is also important. Vocatives cover a wide range, from the very familiar (mum, dude, mate, Jonny) to the very formal (Sir, Madam, Dr). Although they do not function as clause elements, their positioning is of interest. The most frequent position is at the end, as in this example: Good morning, sir. But the beginning is also possible: Emily, can you pass me the towel? G R A M M A R I N S P E E C H A N D W R I T I N G 75 It is sometimes said that emails are a ‘hybrid’ form, a mixture of written and spoken language. Look at this email and identify features typical of speech. Will contact Jonny. Presume you mean Tuesday 2nd November. Would be good to catch up though . . . Make sure you bring your thermals when you get back – heavy frosts the last few mornings . . . Investigate the role of Peter in the sentence below. Which two of the above tendencies of spoken English could it exemplify? How would this ambiguity in writing be distinguished in speech? He’s a friend of mine, Peter. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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