English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
B10.1 Relative pronouns
Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns and determiners: who, whom, which, that, whose and ‘zero’ The choice between them involves several factors: who ❏ is used for human subjects and objects: I know a man who can help us. (subject of the relative clause) I know a man who we can help. (object of the relative clause) whom ❏ is used for human objects: I know a man whom we can help. As with questions, it is limited to a very formal style; who is normal (as ex- emplified above) in non-formal situations. There is one situation where who cannot be used and where whom is obligatory: when there is an accompanying preposition: I know the woman to whom you spoke. But this is also very formal and there are non-formal alternatives. which ❏ is used for non-human subjects and objects: This is the book which pleased me most. This is the book which I liked most. Which can also be used as a ‘sentential’ relative pronoun, where it refers back not to one person or thing (e.g. book in the above examples) but to the whole of the preceding clause: They accused him of cheating in the exam, which he denied. Here, which does not refer back to the exam but to the whole of the non-finite clause cheating in the exam. It is also possible to use which as a relative determiner here: They said he had cheated in the exam, which accusation he denied. B10 R E L AT I V E C L A U S E S 127 But this sounds very old-fashioned. More normal (but still formal) would be They said he had cheated in the exam, an accusation which he denied. i.e. where which is used as a normal relative pronoun. However, which is commonly used as a relative determiner in certain prepositional phrases such as in which case: They may be late, in which case we can start the show now. that ❏ is the most common relative pronoun. It can be used for subjects and objects, both human and non-human: I know a man that can help us. (subject, human) I know a man that we can help. (object, human) This is the book that pleased me most. (subject, non-human) This is the book that I liked most. (object, non-human) However, it cannot be used with a preposition: ‘I know the woman to that you spoke.’ the ‘zero’ relative pronoun. When the relative pronoun represents the object in ❏ the relative clause it may be omitted in non-formal English: This is the book I liked most These are sometimes called ‘contact’ relative clauses, because two noun phrases are in contact. However, contact clauses are more common when the second noun phrase is a pronoun, as with I in the above case; if there are two full noun phrases a relative pronoun is often used to separate them: This is the book that my mother and father liked most. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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