English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- Generic uses
- Activity B2.2
NON-STANDARD FORMS
There are several non-standard personal pronouns that you may come across in representations of dialect or historical speech. Here are a few: a) old and middle English distinguished singular and plural for the second person. You etc., was only plural, while the singular and related forms in writing were: thou (subjective), thee (objective), thy (possessive deter- miner), thine (possessive pronoun), thyself (reflexive). A descendant of this, written tha, can be heard in the Yorkshire dialect. b) a number of dialects of English have second person plural forms: yiz (Irish), youse (Liverpool), y’all (southern American). Another, you guys, originally American, is now common in standard British English as well and could be regarded as an informal plural spoken alternative to you. c) several dialects have hisself as an alternative to himself. Although it is regarded as ungrammatical, it is quite logical, being formed from the possessive rather than the objective form, like myself and yourself. Generic uses The biggest problem with the traditional paradigm is that it also ignores a whole range of uses of the personal pronouns to describe people in general (i.e. generic reference as opposed to specific – see B3 for more on this). Here are some examples with explanations: WE: We now enjoy a better standard of living. This use is very typical of politicians who are trying to include everybody (not just their listeners) in their field of reference. YOU: It’s awful when you can’t remember someone’s name. ✪ Activity B2.2 86 D E V E L O P M E N T This is sometimes said to be an informal alternative to one (see below), but in fact it is very common and is found in quite formal as well as informal circumstances. By using it speakers try to involve the listener in the generalisation they are making. THEY: They say it’s going to rain tonight. It doesn’t make any difference; they’ll still get you. Here they is not referring to or replacing any previously-mentioned noun phrase. It is referring vaguely to people with whom the speaker does not identify – people in positions of knowledge (e.g. the weather forecasters) or power (e.g. the government). ONE: One tries one’s hardest. This is very formal. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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