Activity B5.3
✪
Activity B5.4a
✪
Activity B5.4b
✪
T H E M E A N I N G S O F T E N S E A N D A S P E C T
103
VARIATION IN ENGLISH
The adverbs yet and already are used differently in British and American
English when referring to past time:
American: Did you see the film yet/already? (past tense)
British:
Have you seen the film yet/already? (present perfect)
This again suggests that the difference between the past tense and present
perfect is not absolute.
B5.3 Stative and non-stative verbs
We need to investigate one more distinction between verbs, that between ‘stative’
and ‘non-stative’ (or ‘dynamic’) verbs. This is closely related to the use of the
progressive.
Stative verbs such as want, like, need, resemble and own tend not to occur in
progressive forms. It would sound strange to say ‘He’s wanting an ice-cream.’
Because they basically refer to states there is no need for an alternative with the
progressive to indicate an activity in progress. And they have no imperative (see B9):
Want this!
However, there are times when we want to emphasise a state and make it seem
like an activity, for example:
I’ve been wanting to meet you for ages.
You’ll be needing a haircut soon. (‘I can see a point in the future when you will
be in need of a haircut.’)
And adverts exploit this emphatic interpretation of the progressive with stative verbs:
We’re loving it!
A number of verbs can be both stative and non-stative, but with different meanings
(another example of grammar and meaning being related). Thus think is stative when
it refers to opinions, but non-stative when it refers to a mental process:
I think we should go now. (Not ‘I am thinking . . .’)
Don’t interrupt; I’m thinking.
Similarly, the verb be is normally non-stative, but if it is used with adjectives referring
to temporary behaviour then it can have progressive forms (and the imperative):
You’re being naughty. Be quiet.
Look at the sentences below containing have. One of them is wrong/sounds
strange. Which? How can this be explained?
1. I have three sisters.
2. I am having three sisters.
3. I have a bath every day.
4. I am having a bath.
✪
Activity B5.5
104
D E V E L O P M E N T
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |