English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
Formality of some determiner and pronominal uses
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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Formality of some determiner and pronominal uses
Two problems involving formality were alluded to above: that of certain pronoun uses and that of much and many in assertive contexts. There are others. In particular, few and little are regarded as formal, whether as pronouns or determiners: There is little hope. Few countries have accepted this claim. ‘Not much hope’ and ‘not many countries’ would be non-formal alternatives here. The problem with formality is, first, in identifying it – what is formal for one person may sound normal for another – and, second, in expressing it; its effects on use are so hard to quantify, how can advice be given? Beyond this, there is the issue of whether we have an adequate pedagogic metalanguage to describe it. It is not enough to talk only of formal vs informal, as my use of ‘non-formal’ above indicates. Acceptability There are three issues of acceptability I would like to raise. The first is a well-known one: the use of less with plural count nouns (instead of fewer). This use is widely attested and has apparently been a feature of English for a long time: I did expect more food and less people. Against this we have claims that this usage is ungrammatical or incorrect. Even more frequent is the use of less followed by than: It affects less than 70 children a year. D E T E R M I N E R S : A C L A S S A PA R T 205 When writing the book I was urged to indicate no restriction for less. I felt this would have been wrong; the writer has a position of responsibility towards the learner and to suggest both forms are interchangeable could be seen to be misleading. Also, it is my impression that most learners prefer a conservative approach to acceptability. Thus I chose the following formulation (Berry 1997a: 128): ‘In informal English it is quite common to use “less” with count nouns in the plural. For some people, though, this is not acceptable.’ I am aware that this formulation will not suit everyone, but other writers have taken the same approach. Swan (1995) has a similar hedge. Second, there has been an equally long dispute about which personal pronoun to recommend to refer back to an indefinite noun phrase (determined by e.g. each, every or any) where the gender is in doubt. Here I had no qualms in recommending they or their since the alternatives are awkward or problematic and since this usage is of some antiquity. Each individual person thinks their case is justified. The third issue is the position of the floating quantifier. Most pedagogic accounts give this as incorrect: They all are just interested in making money. However, analysis showed this to be fairly common, especially in spoken and American English, so it is at least worth noting. [. . .] Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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