Final Assessment Questions on “Theoretical phonetics” Card-1 Connection of Phonetics with Other Sciences

2.Word stock of Middle English Period. (Middle English : 1150 – 1500)Since Norman invasion in 1066, Norman who uses France starts to rule in England. France is only used in upper class society and people in general do not use it as a means of communication. Common people still uses English however there are a lot of France words that are adopted into English. This causes the change in pronunciation and spelling of Middle English.Almost all of human life aspects are influenced by France vocabularies. At the beginning, only daily vocabularies that are found in daily conversation such as the word “beef”, “mutton”, “pork”, and “veal”. France vocabularies gradually influence all human life aspects in England. In 1154, France vocabularies start to influence English literature. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400), a well-known classic poet in England with his Canterbury Tales uses a lot of France words. The adoption of those France words into English does not only take place at that moment but it still happens up to 20 century. The word boutique and discotheque are examples of France words that are adopted into English. France words that are adopted into English during 1150-1500 contain words relate to administration and offices, religion, law, military, fashion, food, education, medicine, art, and social life. In addition to pronunciation and spelling changes as a language phenomenon in the Middle English, the adoption of Latin words into English is also essential. The adoption of Latin words is triggered by The Renaissance from Italy.
Card-31
1.Phonosemantics an phonotactics . Phonosemanticsis a relatively new branch of phonetics that has arisen quite recently and is now in great flourish. Phonosemantics studies how phonetic features (sounds and intonation) affect the realization of meaning in different contexts and communication circumstances.The meaning of every word in every language is in part inherent in its form. Individual phonemes and phonetic features are meaning-bearing. They each have a unique semantics. Every word which contains a given phoneme bears an element of meaning which is absent in words not containing this phoneme. In addition, all phonemes which have a common phonetic feature also have a common element of meaning. The effect of the phoneme-mean­ing varies with the position that the phoneme bears within the syllable.On the most fundamental level, a word is a reflection of its articulation. The presence of a given phoneme in a word has a very specific semantic eff­ect. This effect tends to resemble the articulation of the relevant phoneme.The branch of phonology whose aim is to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized to form linguistic units of higher levels is called phonotactics.It has been observed that languages do not allow phonemes to appear in any order. A native speaker of English can figure out that the sequence of phonemes /stren0s/ makes English word strengths and that the sequence /zbf/ could not possibly be in an English word (Roach 2006). Knowledge of such facts is important in phonotactics.Phonotactic studies of English come up with the findings that certain sequences tend to be associated with particular feelings or human characteristics. For example, the words bump, lump, hump, rump, mump, clump associate with large blunt shapes. A number of words ending in plosive and syllabic IV have something to do with a clumsy, awkward or difficult action: muddle, fumble, straddle, cuddle, fiddle, buckle, struggle, wriggle (Roach, op. cit.).