Final control questions on the subject “heat engineering” The purpose and function of the subject. Working parameter. Status parameters. Base words and phrases
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Base words and phrases: temperature, diagrams, internal energy, work, amount of heat, enthalpy, entropy 1. Adiabatic process Figure 1. Pv - and Ts - diagrams of changes in gas state in adiabatic process Heat is not transferred to the system from the outside and is not removed from it, i.e. dq=0. In real conditions, real processes cannot be in equilibrium, therefore, an adiabatic process cannot occur. Then the adiabatic equation will be: Pv k =const. (7.1) In this case, k=sp/sv is a coefficient showing how many times the isobaric specific heat capacity is greater than the isochoric specific heat capacity, and it is called the adiabatic index. The relation (7.1) is said to be Poisson's adiabatic equation. When a gas expands in an isothermal process, its pressure changes more slowly than in an adiabatic process, and when a gas is compressed, it changes more slowly than in an adiabatic process. The main reason for the steepness of the graph of the adiabatic process is that when the studied gas expands, its internal energy and temperature decrease, if the gas is compressed, its internal energy and temperature increase as a result of its volume decrease. 16. Polytropic process. Base words and phrases: temperature, diagrams, internal energy, work, amount of heat, enthalpy, entropy, indicator, heat capacity 2. Polytropic process A thermodynamic process in which the specific heat capacity (C=const) of the system (ideal gas) does not change is called a polytropic process. The process curve is called polytropic (Figure 7.2). A thermodynamic process in which the working substance does not exchange heat with the external environment is called an adiabatic process. The process curve is called adiabatic (Fig. 7.1) . As can be seen from the definition of a thermodynamic process, if the main thermodynamic processes: isothermal, isochoric, isothermal and adiabatic processes take place at a constant capacity, they are a special case of a polytropic process. The amount of heat of a polytropic process can be expressed by the product of the process heat capacity s and the difference between the initial and final state temperatures t 1 -t 2 . q=c(t 2 – t 1 ) va dq=cdt (7.10) The equation of a polytropic process can be derived from the equation of the first law of thermodynamics: dq=cdt= c rd T –vdr va dq=cdT=c v dt+rdv from these equations: (s-s p ) / (s-s v )= –vdp/pdv Denoting the left side of the equation as n, we get: (s-s p ) / (s-s v )=n va ndv/v=-dp/p We integrate the resulting equation to the following form: n lg v 2 /v 1 =lg p 1 /p 2 or Pv n =const (7.11) Сиыилиш Кенгайиш Download 1.46 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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