Flame retardants refer to a variety of substances that are added to combustible materials to prevent
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Flame Retardants
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1 05 / 04 / 2019 1. Introduction Flame retardants refer to a variety of substances that are added to combustible materials to prevent fires from starting or to slow the spread of fire and provide additional escape time. It refers to a function, not a family of chemicals. A variety of different chemistries, with different properties and molecular structures, act as flame retardants and these chemicals are often combined for effectiveness. It has different types such as; Additives & Reactives & Intumescents. Several Methods used by FRs to prevent flame propagation. It has different uses such as; connectors, communication cables, thermal insulation, kitchen applications. 2. Fire Triangle For combustion to take place three components are necessary and these form the fire triangle which shown in fig. (1), removing any one of the components will prevent or extinguish a fire, these components are; Fuel; There must be a source of fuel for any fire to take place. In most cases the fuel does not itself burn (except if it is a gas) but breaks down under the influence of the applied or generated heat to produce combustible volatiles that are then burnt. This is important in terms of how some materials may initially ignite but then form a ‘char layer’ that prevents the formation of further gases and further combustion . Air; Presented in oxygen which is a basic component of combustion. Ignition source; The ignition source is needed to heat up the fuel sufficiently to generate volatiles and then to ignite them. In the case of a gas the ignition source can act directly on the gas. FLAME RETARDANTS Written by students; AbdAl-Rhman Magdy Abdullah Youssef, ID:20160517; AbdAl-Rhman Ali, ID: 20160476; Amr Ahmed Saeed, ID: 20160629; Mohamed M. Khalil, ID: 20140924; Mohamed Soliman, ID: 20141318. Department of chemical engineering, Higher Technological Institute, 10 TH of Ramadan City, Egypt Fig. (1): Fire triangle 2 05 / 04 / 2019 3. Types of Flame Retardants Figure (2) shows types of flame retardants which divide into 4 main types which are; Additives; which presented in 3 types; I. Fillers; Acts as a filler and flame retardant at the same time addition of very high-melting inorganic materials that will reduce combustibility. It used in thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. II. Plasticizing; Melting at manufacturing process temp. It Used in rigid polymers. phosphate systems in polyphenylene oxides and acetate polymers. III. Semi-plasticizing; Same of plasticizing Fig. (2): Types of flame retardants diagram Reactives; In reactive flame retardants, retardancy is built into the polymer chain through appropriate polymerization or post polymerization techniques. For example, the current additive method of producing flame retardant high-impact polystyrene involves blending decabromobiphenyl oxide and antimony oxide to produce a blend with 8 to 10% combined bromine content, [1] Intumescents; It is based on the formation of a char on the surface of the resin on the application of heat, consequently insulating the substrate from further heat and flame, [1]. Non flame-retardant system; It depends on structure of polymer itself such polyvinyl chloride, which contains chlorine in its structure so it doesn’t need to any flame retardants, [1]. 3 05 / 04 / 2019 4. Flammability Testing Several tests use in measuring burning behavior such as; limiting oxygen index (LOI), under writers laboratory (UL94), horizontal burning test (94HB), and vertical burning test (94V). Download 0.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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