Fundamentals of food technology study manual

parts of the core against a rough or rough surface. A1-ZSHN-3 polishing-polishing 
equipment, roller bench, RS-125 polishing post and A1-BSHM polishing 
equipment are used for polishing groats. 
Grinding process is also carried out along with polishing of grains. Grinding 
mainly improves the appearance of cereals. During the polishing process, the burrs 
and scratches left after whitening on the core are removed, and the grain becomes 
clearer and shiny. Polishing uses the same equipment used in the polishing process, 
only relatively fine abrasive material is selected. 
Sorting of groats by size (number) and product control is the final step in 
groat production. All types of cereal products in cereal production enterprises must 
be passed through quality control equipment. During sorting, the whole kernel is 
separated from its crushed parts. The crushed core is sorted into fractions by 
numbers. The number of the cereal is an indicator of its size. 
The following procedures are used for control of groats: 
- Sift all kinds of cereals in suitable sieves; 
- sorting in triers to separate whole grains; 
- control of non-cleaned and low-quality cereals in cereal separating 
equipment; 
- passing through aspiration equipment to separate the remaining shells; 
- control of grains in magnetic equipment. 
The quality and varieties of the produced cereals are determined according to 
the standard norms established for cereal products. 
Mixed feed is a complex mixture of various nutrients, ground to a certain size, 
cleaned and purified, which provides complete nutrition for livestock and poultry, 
developed according to scientifically based recipes. Mixed feed is produced with 
different nutritional values depending on the physiological condition of animals 
and poultry. It takes into account the type of animal, fat and level of productivity. 
Mixed feed is prepared in the workshops of special mixed feed production 
enterprises. The feed industry plays an important role in the national economy, 

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increasing the productivity of livestock and poultry in order to meet the growing 
population's need for food products. It should provide livestock and poultry farms 
with feed products of high nutritional value, containing all necessary substances 
(proteins, carbohydrates, fats, mineral elements and vitamins). 
More than 36 mixed-feed plants with an annual production capacity of more 
than 3.0 million tons are operating in the enterprises of the grain products 
production network of our republic. 
They are able to provide all types of animals, poultry and fish with a full 
ration of mixed feed according to their age. Feed mills are located in all regions of 
our republic in order to continuously provide quality feed to all types of 
consumers, especially industrial livestock and poultry farming. 
Grain and its waste products (bran) occupy the main place as raw materials in 
the production of mixed feed. 
The main directions of work of mixed feed industries are as follows: 
improvement of production, expansion of the range of manufactured mixed feeds 
and improvement of quality, as well as achieving production of products with 
higher nutritional value. 
In order to increase the production capacity of mixed feed, a line of vitamin-ut 
flour was established in our republic, which produces about 40,000 tons of 
products per year. The inclusion of vitamin ut flour in the diet of farm animals and 
poultry not only enriches the feed, but also increases its nutritional value, at the 
same time it serves as a local raw material. 
Continuing research in the production of mixed feed and non-traditional 
resources of agricultural production: protein concentrate obtained by "Know-How" 
technology, mulberry silkworm cocoons, food and canning industry waste (apple 
and tomato radish, dry bar) should be involved. 
Today, together with the Hungarian company "IKR Babolna", the only 
Uzbek-Hungarian joint venture "Makkah IKR Babolna" in Central Asia was 
opened and put into operation. The joint venture specializes in the production of 
premixes, which are the main source of vitamins and trace elements and important 
for the development of livestock and poultry farming, with an annual production 
capacity of 10,000 tons. 
In order to reduce the transport costs of transporting mixed feed and raw 
materials in Muynoq Kungirot and Shumanoi districts, it is planned to build small 
mixed feed factories with a daily production capacity of 30-50 tons in accordance 
with the decision of "Ozdonmahsulot" JSC. This was achieved through the 
reconstruction of the drying-cleaning towers of Kungirot and Tortqul flour 
factories at great expense. 
In the city of Shorchi, Surkhandarya region, there is a fodder complex capable 
of supplying all livestock, fishery and poultry sectors of the region, with a daily 
production capacity of 50 tons. 
Omixta feed industry processes more than 100 different raw materials. 
Various raw materials, components, additives, as well as biologically active 
substances are used in the production of Omixta - fodder, protein vitamin 

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supplements, premix, carbamide concentrates. There are the following main types 
of raw materials in the production of mixed feed. 
Cereal mixture is the main raw material of fodder. The share of grain in the 
composition of mixed feed reaches 65-70%. Grains are divided into three groups 
according to their characteristics: spiked grains, leguminous grains and oil grains. 
Grains include wheat, barley, rye, oats, oats, corn, millet, etc. These different 
grains are high in carbohydrates (starch) and low in protein. Grains are rich in 
group B vitamins. Cereals are used ground, sometimes whole (for poultry). 
Wastes from the processing of these grains are also used in the production of 
mixed fodder. Cereal waste includes cereal mixtures and bran. Cereal mixture and 
bran are low in terms of nutrition, but they are higher than grain in terms of 
vitamins and minerals. 
Legumes include peas, soybeans, lupine, etc. These grains are rich in protein. 
Legumes are used in the production of mixed feed to enrich the product with 
protein. 
Oilseeds include sunflower, cotton, flax, etc. 
They are not added to feed as a whole, but are used in the form of oil-oil 
industry waste - slag and meal. 
Oilseeds are rich in fat and protein. At the same time, some species also 
contain toxic substances (gossypol, sinilic acid). The amount of these substances in 
the mixed feed should not exceed the specified index. 
Grass flour is a valuable raw material of mixed fodder. Grass is made by 
grinding dried grass. Grass flour is a product rich in protein, carotene, A and other 
vitamins. 
Food sugar, starch, molasses, alcohol and beer industry wastes are widely 
used in the production of mixed feed. Waste from the sugar industry includes sugar 
beet pomace (pomace) and nutritional molasses (molasses). Dried beetroot 
contains a large amount of carbohydrates and is a valuable feed for ruminants. 
Molasses has a liquid appearance and contains up to 50% soluble carbohydrates. 
Molasses is highly digestible in the animal's body. 
Alcohol and beer waste includes crushed grain residues and dried bar. These 
products are close to grain in terms of nutrition. 
Examples of foods made from animal products include fish meal, meal, bone 
meal, blood, and dried bone. These are valuable products rich in animal protein. 
Animal fat, which is a high energy source, is also added in a small amount (usually 
2-5%) to the compound feed. 
In order to enrich feed with minerals, many substances are used - chalk, 
phosphates, table salt, etc. Various biologically active substances are also added to 
the feed. They include vitamins, trace elements, antibiotics and others. These 
substances are important for animal health. Biologically active substances can be 
divided into the following groups: 
nutritional and other antibiotics; 
vitamin preparations; 
trace elements (iron, copper, sulfur, cobalt, manganese, iodine, etc.); 
amino acids (lysine, methionine); 

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antioxidants (santhoxin, diludin, butyloxytoluene-BTO); 
tranquilizers-tranivilizers; 
organic acids (lactic, propionic, etc.); 
medicinal preparations and others. 
In the production of mixed fodder, one cannot limit oneself to these raw 
materials, but it is necessary to find effective sources of increasing the value of 
fodder. One of the important tasks is to reduce the share of grain in the feed and 
enrich it with other types of products. 
All mixed-feed enterprises are equipped with modern technological 
equipment made in machine-building plants of the MDX countries. 
Production of compound feed, protein vitamin supplements, premix, 
carbamide concentrates is carried out in several complex technological processes. 
These processes can be one-time or multi-time, including several technological 
lines, depending on the type of product and the raw materials needed in the 
production of the product. The following main technological processes are carried 
out in the production of mixed fodder: 
placement for receiving and storage of raw materials: unloading, placing in 
containers, placing loads on pallets, forming stacks, placing empty containers, as 
well as in warehouses, bunkers, departments and silos depending on the quality, 
type and purpose of use of the product includes placement work; 
taking a sample from the given batch of raw materials and checking its quality 
according to the specified parameters (according to the production technical 
laboratory); 
verification of documents and transfer of raw materials to production; 
passing through a separator - cleaning raw materials from extraneous and 
extraneous impurities, sieving, extracting metal impurities, dividing raw materials 
into fractions for further processing, controlling the sifting quality of ground 
products, ready-to-use dispersible feed; 
crushing of raw materials using a hammer crusher, grinder, kunjara crusher, 
disintegrator, jaws, gear, pin and other shock-elevating machines; in some cases, 
very small grinding machines are used (for grinding salt, trace elements); 
cleaning using special dispensers; mixing-dry components are mixed with 
each other or with liquid components. Mixing is done using vertical, horizontal, 
discrete, fast or slow, as well as continuously moving mixers; 
drying and cooling - in which finished products, salt, ground products, 
molasses briquettes and sugarcane products are dried and cooled; in some cases 
also grains; 
sandblasting and briquetting, i.e. creating a finished product; 
separation of husked grains-oats, barley; 
introduction of liquid components - molasses, hydrol, oil, vegetable oil, fish 
oil, hydrolyzate, molasses and urea solutions, salt and water; 
wet-heat and heat treatment of different products 
cooking, briquetting, dry briquetting, micronization, etc.; 
packaging of the finished product; 
placement, storage and preparation of products for consumption; 

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product quality control in accordance with state standard indicators; 
the quality of the finished product, the formation of its indicators, the cost and 
suitability for consumption are expressed by the extent to which the processes 
described above are performed. 
Also, the objective legality of the transition of technological processes, its 
convenient regimes, the influence of various factors on the course of processes and 
the overall technological efficiency should be considered. 
The raw materials arriving at the mixed-feed enterprise may contain 
impurities that have been accidentally dropped. Separators, sieves and aspiration 
columns are used to remove grain from them. In addition, if the amount of 
metallomagnetic compounds in the mixed feed increases within the specified limit, 
it can cause the mixed feed to become unusable and animals to become seriously 
ill. To separate them, magnetic barriers are installed, just like in flour mills. 
Due to the fact that the husks of barley and oat grains consist of hard fiber, 
they are cleaned and then crushed and added to the mixture. In order to effectively 
use the nutrients contained in mixed feed, it is necessary to grind the components 
of mixed feed to a certain size. The raw materials used for the preparation of mixed 
fodder are divided into two groups: 
1) raw materials to be ground, including grain, grain mixture, kunjara, mineral 
raw materials, straw and other large food raw materials; 2) non-grinding raw 
materials, including bran, bran and other flour products. Grinding the components 
of mixed feed allows you to get a mixture with the same composition. In addition, 
such a mixture is easily digested by animals. Raw materials are crushed by impact, 
rubbing and crushing. The physical characteristics of the material, hardness and