Fundamentals of food technology study manual

CHAPTER V. PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY OF MEDICAL INDUSTRY 
ENTERPRISES. 
5.1. Raw materials of clothing industry enterprises. Production 
technology of beer and soft drinks 
The characteristics of all processing plants differ depending on the final 
product, as well as the raw materials being processed and especially depending on 
the type of microorganisms, their enzyme system and chemical processing. All 
differences and changes form the basis of technological processes. Grapes are used 
raw, fresh and dried. Non-alcoholic products are developed from grapes, juice, 
concentrates and alcoholic products are developed, wines (flavored, fortified, 
sparkling) alcohol, cognac (brandy), vodka. Grape wines are obtained from grapes 
by alcoholizing the juices. The raw materials and materials of the brewing 
industry, especially alcohol production enterprises, are very wide. Until recently, 
alcohol was used only from vegetable raw materials such as potatoes, developed 
from molasses, a waste product of beet grains and sugar beets. Today, most 

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feedstocks are non-food raw materials (waste from the wood pulping industry). 
The production of synthetic artificial alcohol from compounds containing ethylene 
gas has been launched. 
We describe the following main raw materials: 
Sugar beet is the most important technical crop grown for sugar production. 
Beet root contains 15-20% sucrose, which is the raw material for obtaining white 
crystalline sugar. In the CIS countries, beet cultivation areas are very large, they 
are mainly located in the central black soil zone of Ukraine, Moldova and Russia. 
In Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Georgia, sugar beet is processed in a factory and a 
semi-finished product called molasses is obtained as waste. Molasses is used to 
make alcohol. 
Potato- potato is an annual plant that is planted belonging to the family of 
cruciferous vegetables. Homeland - South America. Potato tuber is the most 
important food product, second only to bread grain. In industry, starch alcohol and 
molasses are obtained from the knot. 
A group of plants belonging to the wheat-ear family, the most important food 
plant. From wheat grain, starch alcohol and other products are produced. A 
pollinated annual plant belonging to the family of corn-cobs. Grain contains 60-
65% starch. Alcoholic starch and cereal are made from it. 
General scheme of the medical industry 
Raw material

preparation for cooking

(suslo) bijgish

(brewing wort) 
separating the finished product

treatment of microorganisms

(microorganisms). 
All processes in the cooking industry are based on the vital activity of 
microorganisms, and they are designed to collect metabolic products in the 
cooking environment. 
The technological scheme of each branch of the dairy industry is designed in 
such a way that the quality and yield of the final product obtained should be at a 
high level. Common processes in each area of the tanning industry are: preparation 
of raw materials for tanning, treatment of microorganisms, and tanning, but these 
processes are performed differently in each tanning industry. In the preparation of 
raw materials containing sugar, for example: in the preparation of molasses in the 
production of alcohol, the treatment is washed with an antiseptic and water to 
reduce the effect of harmful microflora. In the production of citric acid, water is 
added to molasses, it is boiled and sterilized, and necessary nutrients are added. 
Preparation of raw materials containing starch is a complex process. In the 
preparation of such raw materials, the sugaring of starch is done with the help of 
malt or fungal yeasts. The solution prepared for fermentation is called wort. In the 
alcohol and beer production industry, yeast is used for fermentation, sour milk 
bacteria are used for the production of lactic acid, and fungal bacteria are used for 
the production of citric acid. 
The main raw material of the brewing industry is barley grain. In some types 
of beer, barley is replaced by rice (rice) or other grain crops. As well as sugar, most 
yeast factories process molasses. Some yeast factories produce yeast from grain 
crops. Recently, non-food raw materials (wood and cellulose) are used for yeast 
production. 

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According to the chemical composition, the raw materials of the dyeing 
industry are divided into the following main groups. "Xmel" raw material is also 
used in beer production. Water is used as the raw material of the dairy industry. 
Classification of raw materials of the pharmaceutical industry 
table-17 
Group 
Raw material 
Average content of 
dairy products % 
Raw materials 
containing sugar 
sugar beet 
molasses 
17-18 
45-50 
Raw materials 
containing starch 
Potatoes 
cereal crops 
17-18 
47-50 
Raw materials 
containing cellulose 
Waste from 
woodworking 
enterprises 
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Sprouted grain is grain that has been artificially dried. In the process of grain 
extraction, anololytic, proteolytic and other enzymes are formed. These enzymes 
are necessary for the production of ethyl alcohol, beer and mineral kvass in raw 
materials containing starch, for breaking down protein and other substances in 
grains. Milled grain can be obtained from a variety of cereal plants. Depending on 
the type of manufactured product, only barley is used in beer production, and a 
mixture of barley, oat and millet grains is used in alcohol production, and rye 
wheat and barley are used in bread kvass production. At alcohol production 
enterprises, the harvested grain is sent to the production process in the period of 
germination (green malt) without drying. In beer production enterprises, harvested 
barley is used in a dry state. In this case, it is recommended to dry the sprouted 
barley in special drying equipment, clean it from the grains, and store it for a 
certain period of time. In the process of drying the milled barley, coloring and 
smelling substances are formed. dried harvested barley can be stored for a long 
time. In the production of bread kvass, dry milled rye wheat and non-fermented 
(dietichesky) milled grain are used. There are almost no amylolytic enzymes in the 
composition of fermented wheat, because they are broken down during the 
fermentation process. 
For the production of harvested grain, it is cleaned of various types of wood, 
threshed and collected. The product formed during the brewing process is called 
blue malted grain. In the alcohol production industry, the harvested blue grain is 
ground and mixed with water. The resulting mixture is called malted milk (malt 
milk) and is used to ferment starch. 
And in the brewing industry, the barley harvested is dried in special 
construction equipment, cleaned of niches and used in production. After receiving 
grain at grain receiving points and enterprises, it is cleaned of various wastes. 
There are two types of waste at grain reception points: 
Cereal waste: it includes half and damaged grains, sprouted and moldy grains, 
and other low-quality grains. 

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Extraneous waste: includes sand, dust, soil, metal scraps and other weed 
seeds. 
Poorly cleaned grain reduces the quality of harvested grain and causes 
equipment damage. 
For the production of dry harvested barley, the following processes are carried 
out: grain milling, harvesting and drying. In addition to continuous harvesting 
rows, grain can be grown in drum-type, i.e., drum-shaped cultivators. 
Beer is a weak alcoholic beverage made from grains (mainly malted barley) 
and hops by fermentation using beer dregs. Cereal raw materials are added together 
with partially unrefined grain seeds and products containing sugars. Depending on 
the type of beer, barley and defatted corn, rice, rice bran, sugar, glucose and other 
raw materials are used. Depending on the different types of beer, the characteristics 
that give the external description is the color. According to this feature, it is 
divided into 2 main groups: light and dark colors. Pale beers are light yellow in 
color and dark beers are dark brownish-reddish in color. All types of beer contain 
alcohol. Beer development technology consists of 5 stages. 
1. Development of malt from barley grain; 
2. obtaining beer wort from malt, obtaining hops and non-sologenic materials. 
3. Brewing beer wort using special beer dregs. 
3. brewing beer 
4.filtration and beer shipment. 
Beer is a playful (igristoy) drink with hop aroma and pleasant taste. 
The raw materials used in the production of beer are wheat, rice, and corn. 
These are uncultivated uncultivated grains. Wheat and corn "malt" is prepared. 
There are 2 types of wheat: soft and hard. It is better to use soft wheat with low 
gluten in beer production. Rice, corn, and grain are used in beer production without 
being harvested. 
The table below shows the average chemical composition of these grains. 
table -18 
Cereals with spikes 
Humidit
y 
Protein 
Oil 
Starch and 
pentoses 
Klechatka Ash 
Refined rice and rice 
basket 
13.1 
7.85 
0.65 
76-73 
0.63 1.01 
Corn 
13 
9.80 
4.60 
63-57 
2.4 
1.80 
Defatted corn flour 
11-14 
8-9 
0.5-
1.5 
- 
- 
1.5 
Corn Flakes 
10 
9 
1.2 
- 
- 
0.3 
Hops is a 2-year-old perennial plant belonging to the mulberry family. 
Unfertilized maternal inflorescences form buttery round tubers, which are used in 
brewing (for flavoring and flavoring beer, as yeast in baking) and in medicine (as 

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medicine). It is often planted to block walls, balconies, porches without sheds like 
ivy. 
Brewer's wort is made using barley malt, unharvested grain crops barley and 
corn flour, rice husks and hops. 
The beer wort extraction technology consists of the following processes. 
1. preparation and grinding of barley malt 
2. wash the malt with water. 
In the process of making malt. The transformation of ready-made starch raw 
materials into a soluble solution means the destruction of starch zones and shell 
cells (cells). Water molecules are absorbed by starch and the process of burtsh 
(nabukhanie) takes place. The increased starch turns into a paste. Then amylose 
and soluble crystalloids dissolve.