General information about equivalence in translation Theories of equivalence Types of equivalence in translation

Не had his left hand around the neck of his companion
If this situation is preserved in the translation, that is, it will be said that the driver of the car hugged the girl sitting next to him with his left hand, then for the Russian reader this will mean that he was sitting on the left side of the car and at the same time hugged the passenger with his left hand.
The translator will have to choose: either he will omit the mention of which hand the driver used at all, or he will replace the left hand with the right, or he will indicate in a footnote that in England there is left-hand traffic, the driver sits on the right and, of course, uses the left hand for such actions
Thus in this group of translations the equivalence implies retention of two types of information contained in the original — the purport of communication and the indication of the situation.
We will divide the third type of equivalence into several levels:
The first level is the degree of detail of the description.
The description of the situation in the chosen way can be carried out with more or less details. Some features are directly included in the statement, while others may remain implied, easily deduced from the context. A different combination of named (explicit) and implied (implicit) features can be found in all languages. So, in Russian you can say "He knocked and entered", or you can say in the same situation "He knocked on the door and entered the room". Similarly, in English, you can choose between " Не knocked and came in " and " Не knocked at the door and came into the room ".
The next level is a change in the direction of the relationship between the signs.
The situation can be described from different points of view using lexical conversion: ≪The professor takes the exam from students — Students take the exam to the professor.. And here certain preferences can be found in languages that cause corresponding changes in translation. Mark Twain has a story entitled "How I was sold in New Ark" about how he was deceived in this city by bringing a deaf-mute man to his evening of humorous stories. In the Russian translation, it was not "sold", but "bought". In the novel by J.Galsworthy ≪The Saga of Forsytes≫ there is such an episode. The characters of the novel are driving in an open car, it turns a corner, and the author writes "They had their backs to the sunshine now".
The literal translation ≪Now their backs were turned to the sun – уларнинг орқалари қуёшга қаратилган эди≫ looks pompous and ridiculous in Russian/Uzbek and in translation we read: Теперь солнце светило им в спину≫. Энди қуёш уларнинг орқаларидан урар эди.
We can now say that the third type of equivalence contains the purport of communication, the identification of the situation and the method of its description.