Глоссарий Агностик агностик қарашларга эга киши. Агностицизм

monotheism: The belief in one God.
nirvana: In Buddhism, the ideal state of peacefulness.
ontology: The study of being: “What is most real?”; “What is it for a thing to exist?”
pantheism: The belief that everything is God.
pluralism (in metaphysics): The view that many distinct substances or ultimate principles exist.
polytheism: Belief in many gods and goddesses.
rationalism: That philosophy that is characterized by its confidence in reason, and intuition in particular, to know reality independently of experience.
samskaras (Sanskrit): conscious residues of actions that reside in the unconscious mind.
skepticism: The philosophical belief that knowledge is not possible, that doubt will not be overcome by any valid arguments. A philosopher who holds this belief is called a skeptic. Skepticism is not merely personal doubt but also requires systematic doubt, with reasons for that doubt.
soul: What is most essential to individual human existence; in some religions, including Christianity, that aspect of the person that survives death. More generally, we use the word soul to refer to whatever is basic and “deep down” in a person.
Stoicism: An ancient movement in philosophy that taught self-control and aimed to minimize passion, with a willingness to endure whatever fate has in store.
substance: The essential reality of a thing or things that underlies the various properties and changes of properties. Its most common definitions: “that which is independent and can exist by itself”; “the essence of a thing which does not and cannot change.” In traditional metaphysics, substance is the same as “ultimate reality,” and the study of substance is that branch of metaphysics that studies reality—namely, ontology.
syllogism: A kind of deductive reasoning. The best-known examples are those arguments of the form
All P’s are Q’s. (Major premise)
S is a P. (Minor premise)
Therefore, S is a Q. (Conclusion)
The major premise is a general claim; the minor premise is usually (but not always) a particular claim.
Tao (Chinese): The Way. Confucians understand the Way as a matter of committing oneself to certain virtuous ideals, geared to interpersonal harmony. Taoists understood the Way as the flowing reality of nature.
Taoism: Chinese school of thought that seeks to restore one’s attunement with the rhythms and energies of nature by eliminating the habits we have acquired through socialization and by perceiving in a receptive manner.
teleology (from the Greek telos, meaning “purpose”): The belief that each phenomenon has a purpose, end, or goal. Aristotle’s metaphysics is a teleology, which means that he believes that the universe itself—and consequently everything in it—operates for purposes and can be explained according to goals. A teleological view of the universe (or of any specific phenomenon) is a view that tries to explain in terms of purposes, rather than in terms of cause and effect or origins.
yoga: spiritual discipline that aims to still the mind and thereby enable enlightenment.