Grace грация, и

Parts of speech are changed to render the meaning of SL in TL, N>V.
“I am a rapid packer”. “Я очень быстро укладываю вещи.”.
“I didn’t mean to be rude”. “Я не хотел вам грубить”.
One of the most important syntactic peculiarities of the English language is the phenomenon of secondary predication made up by various participial and infinitival constructions which are included in the structure of simple sentences in English while Russian simple sentences may have only one predicative centre. It makes necessary to use a composite Russian sentence for the English simple sentence:
“He does not mind your joining our group. Он ничего не имеет против, чтобы вы присоединились к нашей группе.”
“I want you to speak English.” Я хочу, чтобы вы говорили по-английски.”
In some cases it is possible to replace the principal clauses by a subordinate clause, and vice versa: “They put him under laughing-gas one year, poor lad, and drew all his teeth, and gave him a false set, because he suffered so terribly with toothache.” Он так жестоко страдал от зубной боли, что однажды его, беднягу, усыпили, под наркозом вырвали все зубы и вставили искусственные челюсти”.
The failure to use a parallel structure in TL may involve a change in the number of independent sentences by using the partitioning or the integrating procedures.
As a rule, the translator renders the original text sentence by sentence and the number of sentences remains the same. However, it may so happen that the structural and semantic problems of translation event can be best solved by breaking an original sentence into two parts, i.e. translating it with two independent sentences or two clauses in TL.
The partitioning of sentences in translation can be used to overcome the difficulties caused by the idiomatic semantic structure of the original text, e.g. “This was a man to be seen to be understood. Чтобы понять этого человека, надо было его увидеть”.
Sometimes the translator can prefer partitioning to the other possible methods of translation, as producing a variant more suitable stylistically or emotionally. Consider the following examples: “The annual surveys of the Labour Government were not discussed with the workers at any stage, but only with the employers. Ежегодные обзоры лейбористского правительства не обсуждались среди рабочих ни на каком этапе. Они обсуждались только с предпринимателями.
The contrast in the last part of the sentence can be best reproduced in Russian by making a separate unit of it.
And this how this procedure can be used to reproduce the emotional implications of the original: “How well I recollect it, on a cold grey afternoon, with a dull sky, threatening rain.” Как хорошо помню я наш приезд! Вечереет, холодно, пасмурно, хмурое небо грозит дождем”.
Here is another example of such translations: “The two boys flew on and on towards the village speechless with horror.” Мальчики бежали вперед и вперед по направлению к деревне. Они онемели от ужаса.”

It should be noted that a parallel form may prove unsuitable because of its different stylistic connotations. For instance, both English and Russian conditional clauses can be introduced by conjunctions or asyndetically. But the English asyndetical form is bookish while its Russian counterpart is predominantly colloquial. As a result, it is usually replaced in the target text by a clause with a conjunction, e.g.: “Had the Security Council adopted the Russian proposal, it would have been an important step towards the solution of the problem.” Если бы Совет Безопасности принял предложение России, то это было бы важным шагом к решению проблемы”.

The integration procedure may be caused by close semantic ties between adjacent sentences: “We did not want scenery. We wanted to have our supper and go to bed. Мы не хотели красивых пейзажей – мы хотели поужинать и лечь спать.

The opposite procedure means integrating two or more original sentences which are grammatically too incomplete to provide its separate reproduction in translation: “It is not possible to do the work in two days. Nor is it necessary. Выполнить эту работу за два дня нет ни возможности, ни необходимости”.

The portioning and integration procedures may be used together, resulting in a kind of syntactic and semantic reshuffle of sentences in translation. Here is an example:

But occasionally an indiscretion takes place, such as that of Mr. Woodrow Wyatt, Labour M.P., when Financial Secretary to the War Office. He boasted of the prowess of British spies in obtaining information regarding armed forces of East European Countries. (J. Gollan) – Однако по временам допускается нескромность. Так, например, лейборист, член парламента Вудро Уайт в бытность свою финансовым секретарем военного министерства хвастался ловкостью, проявленной английский шпионами в деле получения сведений о вооруженных силах восточно-европейских стран.
The end of the first sentence is replaced by the personal pronoun in the second sentence. The sentence can, therefore, be broken into two and its last part integrated with the second sentence.
Note a regular transformation “The text says (the telegramme, the letter)” – “в тексте (телеграмме, письме) говорится о том, что”
Types of Replacement:
- word forms;
- parts of speech;
- a simple sentence by a composite sentence, or vice versa;
- the principal clause by a subordinate one, or vice versa;
- subordination by coordination, or vice versa;
- syndetic connection by asyndatic, or vice versa;
- partitioning and integration procedures.