Grammar essential grammar in use (Raymond Murphy)
— O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar
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Raymond Murphy (O\'zbek tilida)(1)
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— O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar:
• How long does it take by plane from London to Madrid? • How long does it take by train? • It takes two hours. • It took me two hours to read it. • It takes ten minutes by car. • How long does it take to cross by ship? • How long did it take? • How long will it take by plane? • It will take me an hour to cook the dinner. • It doesn't take long to cook an omelette. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 46: Can you tell me where ...? Do you know ...? etc. — Quyidagi ko'rinishda savol berganimizda "to be" fe'li gapning oxiriga o'tadi. • Can you tell me where the cinema is? ("where is the cinema" deyilmaydi) - Kino qayerdaligini menga aytib berolasizmi? Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 86 — Gapning tuzilishida so'zlarning ketma-ketligi: 1. Can you tell me 2. What, where, how kabi savollardan biri 3. So'ralayotgan narsa 4. "To be". • Can you tell me how much this camera is? - Bu kamera necha pul turishini menga aytib berolasizmi? — Do you know... (bilasizmi?) bilan savol berganimizda ham yuqoridagidek. • Do you know how old Tom is? - Bilasizmi, Tomni yoshi nechchida? — Javobi ham shunga o'xshash bo'ladi. • I don't know how old Tom is - Men Tomni yoshi nechchidaligini bilmayman. • I can't remember how old Tom is - Men Tomni yoshi nechchidaligini eslolmayman. — "Do you know" bilan he/she/it uchun savol berganimizda does qo'yilmasdan harakat so'ziga "s" qo'shiladi. • Where does he live? - U qayerda yashaydi. • Do you know where he lives? - U qayerda yashashini bilasizmi? Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 87 — "to be" bor bo'lsa u savolda ham egadan keyin keladi. Ikkala gapdagi "they are" va "are they"ga e'tibor bering. • Are they married? - Ular turmush qurishganmi? • Do you know if they are married? - Bilasizmi, ular turmush qurishganmi? — O'tgan zamonda ham o'sha holat. "Were they" va "they were"ga e'tibor bering. • Why were they late? - Nimaga ular kech qolishgan edi? • Can you tell me why they were late? - Ular nimaga kech qolishganini menga aytib berolasizmi? — Agar savolga ha yoki yo'q deb javob berish mumkin bo'lsa "Do you know"dan keyin "if" yoki "whether" qo'yilishi shart. • Do you know if she smokes? - Bilasizmi, u chekadimi? • No, she doesn't - Yo'q. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Can you tell me where the station is? • I know where the station is? • I don't know where the station is? • Do you know where the station is? • Can you tell me how much this camera is? • Do you know who those people are? • I don't know where they have gone? Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 88 • I can't remember how old Tom is? • I know if Jack is at home. • Do you know whether An smokes? Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 47: To ... (I want to do) and -ing (I enjoy doing) — Ba'zi so'zlardan so'ng doim "to" qo'yiladi, ba'zan "to" qo'ymasdan harakat so'ziga "ing" qo'shiladi. Ba'zi so'zlardan so'ng to/ing dan qaysi birini qo'ysa ham bo'laveradi. — Quyidagi so'zlardan keyin "to" qo'yiladi va undan keyin kelgan harakat so'ziga ing qo'shilmaydi. want - xohlamoq need - ehtiyoj plan - reja decide - qaror qilmoq, hal etmoq offer - taklif, taqdim refuse - rad etmoq hope - umid expect - kutmoq promise - va'da try - urinmoq forget - unutmoq learn - o'rganmoq Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 89 • What do you want to do this evening? - Siz kechqurun nima qilishni xohlaysiz? (Want doing deyilmaydi) — Quyidagi so'zlardan so'ng "to" qo'yilmaydi, ulardan keyingi harakat so'ziga "ing" qo'shiladi. like - yoqtirmoq enjoy - bahra olmoq love - sevmoq hate - yomon ko'rmoq suggest - taklif mind - deb bilmoq stop - to'xtamoq finish - tugamoq • Do you like driving? - Siz mashina haydashni yoqtirasizmi? (Do you like to drive deyish noto'g'ri) — Agar gapda "would" qatnashsa like, love, hate, prefer so'zlaridan keyin ham faqat to qo'yiladi, keyingi harakat so'ziga "ing" qo'shilmaydi. • Would you like to sit down? - Siz o'tirishni xohlaysizmi? — Quyidagi so'zlarda to/ing dan qaysi birini qo'ysa ham bo'laveradi. start - boshlanish Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 90 begin - ishga kirishmiq continue - davom etmoq prefer - ma'qullamoq • I prefer travelling by car - Men mashinada sayohat qilishni ma'qul ko'raman. (I prefer to travel by car desa ham to'g'ri bo'ladi) — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • I hope to go to university next year. • I have decided to leave tomorrow morning. • My brother is learning to drive. • I tried to work. • I enjoy dancing. • I don't mind being alone. • I hate getting up early. • Jan would like to meet you. • I would love to go to Australia. • It started raining, yoki It started to rain. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 48: I want you to ... / I told you to ... — Quyidagi so'zlar ishtirok etgan gaplarda ham "to" qo'yiladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 91 want - xohlamoq pesuade - ko'ndirmoq advise - maslahat tell - aytmoq ask - so'ramoq expect - kutmoq, umid teach - o'rgatmoq — Gapning tuzilishi: 1.Ega yoki "do you", "didn't", "What" kabilar 2.Yuqoridagi so'zlardan biri 3.Kimga yoki nimaga qaratilgan bo'lsa o'sha narsalar 4."To" 5. Harakatni ifodalovchi so'z 6. Va boshqalar. • We persuaded Alisher to come with us - Biz Alisherni biz bilan kelishga ko'ndirgan edik. • What do you advise me to do? - Siz menga nima qilishni maslahat berasiz? — "Tell" so'zining past simple formasi "told" bo'ladi. • Bobur told Akmal to wait for him - Bobur Akmalga uni kutib turishini aytdi. — Agar "not to wait" deyilsa, "kutib turmasligini aytdi" degan bo'ladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 92 — Make (undamoq, yasamoq) va let (ruhsat bermoq) so'zlarida "to" qo'yilmaydi. "Make" o'tgan zamonda "made" bo'ladi. • Let me go with you - Sen bilan ketishga ruhsat ber. — Let us (qisqartmasi: Let's) - boshladik, qani ketdik yoki bunday qilaylik degan ma'nolarni anglatadi. • I'm tired. Let's stay at home - Men charchadim. Uyda qolaylik. — "Help" so'zida "to" qo'ysa ham, qo'ymasa ham durust. • Can you help me (to) clean it - Uni tozalashda menga yordam berolasizmi? — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • The man doesn't want the woman to go. • I want you to be happy. • They didn't want anybody to know their secret. • I told you to be careful. • She asked her friend to help her. • I taught my brother to swim. • Let me go with you. • Come on let's dance. • Shall we go out tonight? • No, I'm tired. Let's stay at home. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 93 Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 49: He said ... / He told me that ... — Say (o'tgan zamonda: said) - aytmoq — Tell (o'tgan zamonda: told) - aytmoq. — Falonchi aytdi deyotganimizda o'tgan zamon shaklini ishlatamiz. • He said that he was tired - U aytdiki u charchagan edi. — "Say" so'zining o'tgan zamon shakli "said" bo'lib kelyapdi. "That" so'zini ishlatmasa ham gap tushunarli bo'ladi, lekin ishlatgan yaxshiroq. — Endi "tell" so'zini ishlatamiz, o'tgan zamonda "told" bo'lardi. • He told me that he tired - U menga aytdiki u charchagan edi. — "Said" bilan "told" farqi shuki, bir odam boshqa bir odamga aytgan bo'lsa "told", bir odam hech qaysi odamga emas, o'zicha aytgan bo'lsa "said" ishlatiladi. Birinchi gapda u charchaganini birortasiga alohida aytgani yo'q. Ikkinchi gapda menga aytdi deyilyapdi. — Falonchi aytdiki deganimizda gapning formasiga qarab o'tgan zamonga o'zgartiramiz. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 94 Am/is - was Are - were Have/has - had Can - could Will - would Do/does - did — Masalan: • Jasur aytdi: I can't come to the party - Men bayramga kelolmayman. • Jasur said that he couldn't come to the party - Jasur aytdiki u bayramga kelolmas ekan. — To'g'ri fe'llarga "ed" qo'shiladi, noto'g'ri fe'llar ikkinchi shaklga o'tadi. • They said that they often went to the cinema - Ular aytdiki ular kinoxonaga tez-tez borib turshardi. • Jasur told us that he liked a car - Jasur bizga aytdiki u mashinani yoqtirardi. — Did formasidan foydalanganimizda said va told birinchi shaklda, ya'ni say va tell shaklida yoziladi. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • She said 'I'm working'. • She said that she was working. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 95 • I said 'The shops are open'. • I said that the shops were open. • I said to him 'I've finished my work'. • I said that I had finished my work. • Tom said 'I can't come to the party'. • Tom said that He couldn't come to the party. • Mary said 'I like tomatoes'. • Mary said that she liked tomatoes. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 50: I went to the shop to buy. — "To" so'zining vazifalaridan yana biri biror ish-harakatni bajarishning sababini ko'rsatishdir. Ma'nosini "moq, uchun" deb tarjima qilsak bo'ladi. • I went to the shop to buy some food - Men do'konga ovqat xarid qilmoq uchun bordim. — Gapdagi birinchi "to" - yo'nalishni, ikkinchi "to" - sababini bildirish uchun yordamchi so'z bo'lib kelyapdi. • Why are you going out (Nimaga tashqariga chiqib ketyapsiz)? • To buy a newspaper (Gazeta xarid qilish uchun). — "To" yordamchi so'zi "moq uchun" ma'nosida kelganda faqat harakat so'zlari oldidan qo'yiladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 96 to learn to play to work to watch to live va hokazo. — Shu ma'nodagi gapda harakat so'zlaridan boshqa narsalar kelsa, "to" o'rnida "for" ishlatiladi. — He went to the shop for some bread - U do'konga non uchun bordi. — Bu gapda "xarid qilmoq" kabi harakat so'zi yo'q, non so'zi bor. "Uchun" deyish uchun bu yerda for qo'yilmoqda. — To va for bitta gapda kelishi ham mumkin. • We are not going out yet. We are waiting for the rain to stop - Biz hozircha tashqariga chiqmayapmiz. Biz yomg'irning to'xtashini kutib turibmiz. — For - yomg'irga qo'yildi (narsa). — To - to'xtash so'ziga qo'yildi (harakat). — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • She turnes on the TV to watch the news. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 97 • I would like to go to Spain to learn Spanish. • We need some money to buy food. • I haven't got time to watch television. • They are going to Scotland to see their gradmother. • Are witing for the bus? • Please wait for me. • I am waiting John to phone • We need some money for food. • She went to the shop to buy some bread. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 51: get — Ingliz tilida eng ko'p ishlatiladigan so'z "get" bo'lib, uning ma'nolari va vazifalari juda ko'p. — Bugun biz ulardan ba'zilarini o'rganishga harakat qildik. — "Get" past simple (o'tgan zamon)da "got"ga o'zgaradi. — Get so'zining ma'nolaridan biri - olmoq, ega bo'lmoq, xarid qilish, topib olish va hokazo. • Did you get my letter last week? - O'tgan hafta mening xatimni oldingizmi? • Where did you get it? - Uni qayerdan oldingiz? (Masalan, xarid ma'nosida). Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 98 • Is it difficult to get a job in your country? - Sizning mamlakatingizda ish topish qiyinmi? — Get in - mashina va shunga o'xshash narsalarga chiqish — Get out - mashinadan tushish — Get on - Avtobus, samalyot kabi katta narsalarga chiqish — Get off - O'sha katta narsalardan tushish • I got off the bus - Men avtobusdan tushdim. — Getting - biror harakatni boshlanmoq, davom etmoq. • Drink your coffee. It's getting cold - Kofeyingizni iching. U sovib qolyapdi. • Bobur and Malika are getting married next month - Bobur va Malika keyingi oy oila qurishyapdi. — Get to - biror manzilga bormoq. • I usually get to work before at 8.30 - Men doim ishga 8.30 da yetib boraman. — Faqat "home" (uy)ga borish haqida gap ketganda "to" qo'yilmaydi, "get"ni o'zi qo'yiladi. • What time did you get home last night - O'tgan kecha uyga qaysi vaqtda ketdingiz? Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 99 — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Did yoy get my letter last week? • You get it. • It is getting cold. • If you don't eat, you get hungry. • I hope he gets better soon. • I usually get to work before 8.30. • I got to Oxfors at 9.00. • She got in the car and drove away. • A car stopped and a man got out. • They got on the bus outside the hotel. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 52: go — Ingliz tilidagi eng mashhur so'zlardan biri "go" hisoblanadi. — Go - "bormoq, ketmoq" degani. Past simple'da "went", present perfect'da "gone". — Go - to/on/for lar bilan birga kelishi mumkin. — Agar ketilayotgan joy mamlakat, shahar, qishloq, teatr kabi ma'lum nomga ega manzil bo'lsa, "go to" ishlatiladi: Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 100 • I'm going to France next week - Men keyingi hafta Fransiyaga ketyapman. — Faqat "home" (uy)da to qo'shilmaydi. • I'm going home now - Men hozir uyga ketyapman. — Agar manzil sayohat, dam olish, tadqiqot kabi narsalar bo'lsa, "go on" ishlatiladi. • We go on holiday every year - Biz har yili dam olishga boramiz. — Agar yurish, ovqatlanish, uchrashish kabi ma'lum bir harakatni bajarish uchun ketayotgan bo'lsa, "go for" qo'yiladi. • She has gone for a walk in the park - U istirohat bog'ida aylangani ketdi. — "Holiday" so'zida "go on holiday" yoki "go for a holiday" desa ham bo'ladi. "For" bilan ishlatilganda "a" qo'yish kerak. — Swimming, shopping, fishing kabi "ing" qo'shimchasi bilan kelgan so'zlardan oldin yolg'iz "go" qo'yiladi, xolos. • We went fishing - Biz baliq tutgani ketgan edik. — "Let's go swimming" yoki "Let's go for a swim" desa ham bo'ladi. Ma'nosi, Ketdik, cho'milgani boramiz. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 101 — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • I am going to France next week. • What time do you usually go to work? • Tom didn't want to go to the concert. • I went to the dentist on Friday. • What time did you go to bed last night? • I am going home now. • We go on holiday. • Let's go for a swim. • Last night we went out for a meal. • Are you going shopping this afternoon? Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 53: I/me he/him they/them etc. Me - meni/menga Us - bizni/bizga You - sizni/sizga Him - uni/unga (erkak) Her - uni/unga (ayol) It - uni/unga (jonsiz) Them - ularni/ularga Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 102 — Bu so'zlar gapning yoki gap bo'lagining oxirida kelib, yuqoridagi ma'nolarda keladi. — Ba'zan with/for/to/at kabi preposition so'zlar bilan keladi. • This letter isn't for you. It's for me - Bu maktub sizga emas. Menga. • He doesn't want to see me - U meni ko'rishni xohlamaydi. • Alisher likes you - Alisher sizni yoqtiradi. • Do you want to come with us - Biz bilan birga kelishni xohlaysizmi? • Do you know him - Uni bilasizmi? • They want to see her but she doesn't to see them - Ular uni ko'rishni xohlaydi, lekin u ularni ko'rishni xohlamaydi. • Bobur never drinks milk. He doesn't like it - Bobur hech qachon sut ichmaydi. U uni yoqtirmaydi. — It va you so'zlari "ni" va "ga" qo'shimchasi bilan kelganda ham shundayligicha qoladi. — Masalan, I - me, she - her, we - us va hokazo boshqa so'zlar qanday o'zgarishini ko'rdik. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • I like Ann. • Ann likes me. • Where's Alan? I want to talk to him. • Why are you looking at her? • Do you want to come with us? Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 103 • Do you want to go with them? • Please, give it to me. • She doesn't like it. • I don't like them. • You are sitting on it. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 54: My / his / their etc. — My - mening • I like my job - Men kasbimni yoqtiraman. — Our - bizning • Our room is very comfortable - Bizning xonamiz juda shinam. — Your - sizning • What is your name - Sizning ismingiz nima? — His - uning (erkak) • I saw Jasur with his sister - Men Jasur bilan uning opasini ko'rdim. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 104 — Her - uning (ayol) • Ann lives with her parents - Ann ota-onasi bilan yashaydi. — Its - uning (narsalar) — Oxford is famous its university - Oxford (shahri) uning universiteti bilan mashhur. — Yuqoridagi so'z It's (it is) bilan juda o'xshash. Adashtirib yubormaslik kerak. • It's nice city - U ajoyib shahar. — Their - ularning • They live in London but their son lives in Spain - Ular Londonda yashaydi, lekin ularning o'g'li Ispaniyada yashaydi. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • my hat • our hats • his mother • your best friend • her new car • their room Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 105 • her car • his children • Oxford is famous for its universities • I like Oxford. It's a nice city. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 55: Whose is this? It's mine. — Narsaning kimga tegishliligi haqida gap ketganda my, our, their kabi so'zlardan foydalanishni o'tgan darsda o'rgandik. Bu so'zlardan so'ng doim narsa yoki shaxs nomlari keladi. — Masalan: • My brother - Mening akam. — Bugungi darsimizdagi so'zlardan keyin narsa va shaxs nomlari kelmaydi, shunchaki "bu meniki" deyiladi, "mening akam" deyilmaydi. • It's my bag - U mening sumkam. • It's mine - U meniki. — "Meniki" degan so'zdan so'ng biror so'z kelmasa, "my" - "mine"ga o'zgarganidek boshqalari ham o'zgaradi. — Our - ours Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 106 • It's ours - U bizniki — Your - yours • Is this camera yours? - Bu kamera siznikimi? — His - his • He's going to meet a friend of his - U do'sti bilan uchrashmoqchi. — Her - hers • I didn't have an umbrella, so Ann gave me hers - Menda soyabon yo'q edi, shuning uchun Ann menga o'zinikini berib turdi. — Their - theirs • They went on holiday with some friends of theirs - Ular do'stlari bilan dam olishga ketishgan edi. — Savol berish uchun "whose" (huus) - kimniki so'rog'idan foydalanamiz. • Whose book is this? - Bu kitob kimniki? • It's ours - U bizniki. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 107 • My hands are cold. • These books are mine. • It's their problem, not ours. • Is that their car? No, theirs is green. • It is a nice camera. Is it his? • I went out to meet a friend of mine. • This newspaper is yours. • Whose book is this? • Whose money is this? • Whose are this? Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 56: I/me/my/mine — Dars sarlavhasida ko'rib turganingizdek "men" so'zi 4 xil shaklda kelyapdi. 2- va 3-shaxslarda ham xuddi shunday bo'ladi. — Quyidagi lug'atni yodlash va tushunib olish zarur. • I - men, me - menga/meni, my - mening, mine - meniki • We - biz, us - bizga/bizni, our - bizning, ours - bizniki • You - siz, you - sizga/sizni, your - sizning, yours - sizniki Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 108 • He - u (erkak), him - unga/uni, his - uning, his - uniki • She - u (ayol), her - unga/uni, her - uning, hers - uniki • They - ular, them - ularga/ularni, their - ularning, theirs - ularniki • It - u, it - uni/unga, its - uning, its - uniki — Misollarga diqqat bilan e'tibor bering. • I know him but I can't remember his name - Men uni taniyman, lekin uning ismini eslolmayman. • We invited them to stay with us at our house - Biz ularni bizning uyimizda biz bilan qolishga taklif qildik. • I invited her to stay with me at my house - Men uni mening uyimda men bilan qolishga taklif qildim. • You invited him to stay with you at your house - Siz uni sizning uyingizda siz bilan qolishga taklif qildingiz. • They are mine. Give them to me. - Ular meniki. Ularni menga ber. • It's theirs. Give it to them. - U ularniki. Uni ularga ber. • I give him my adress and he give me his- Men unga o'z manzilimni berdim va u menga o'zinikini berdi. (Gapning 2-bo'lagida "manzil" so'zi ishlatilmayapdi). • You give her your adress and he give you hers - Siz u (ayol)ga o'z manzilingizni berdingiz va u sizga o'zinikini berdi. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 109 • I know Tom. • Tom knows me. • It's my car. • It's mine. • Do you know that man? • Yes, I know him. • Is this your umbrella? • I gave him my address. • He gave me his. • That pen is mine. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 57: myself/yourself/herself etc. I – Myself (mening o’zim) You – Yourself (o’zing) He – Himself (o’zi, o’gil bolaga) She – Herself (o’zi, qizlar uchun) It – Itself (o’zi, narsalarga) We – Ourselves (o’zimiz) You – Yourselves (o’zingiz) They – Themselves (o’zlari) — Reflexive Pronouns o’zbek tilida “O’zlik olmosh”lari deb ataladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 110 — Odatda Reflexive Pronouns gap oxirida kelib, ega bilan to’ldiruvchi bitta shaxs ekanligini ifodalaydi. Ya’ni ish harakatni bajaruvchisi va qabul qilib oluvchisi bitta shaxs bo’ladi. • She always talks to herself – U doim o’ziga gapiradi. • I am teaching myself to play the piano – Men o’zimni pianinoda o’ynashni o’rgatyapman. • I saw myself in the mirror – Men o’zimni ko’zguda ko’rdim. • We blame ourselves.- Biz o’zimizni ayiblaymiz. — Ba’zan “ish harakatni yolg’iz o’zim bajardim” ma’nosida ham Reflexive Pronoun ishlatilishi mumkin. • I made it myself – Men o’zim yasadim • She came here herself – Uning o’zi bu yerga keldi • I found the house myself – Men o’zim uyni topdim. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • I taught myself how to build this website. – Men qanday qilib bu web sahifani yaratishni o’zimga o’zim o’rgatdim. • Do you listen to yourself when you speak English? – Siz inglizcha gapirganingizda o’zingizni o’zingiz tinglaysizmi? • The boy hurt himself while playing hockey. – Bola o’zini hokkey o’ynayotib jaroxatlab oldi. • He hurt himself. – O’zini o’zi jaroxatlab oldi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 111 • A computer can turn itself off to save on energy. – Kompyuter energiyani tejash maqsadida o’zini o’zi o’chiradi. • You decide for yourselves to study English. No one tells you what to do.– Siz ingliz tilini o’rganishni o’zingiz qaror qilishingiz kerak. Hech kim sizga nima qilishni aymaydi. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 58. -'s (Ann's camera/my brother's car etc.) — Ingliz tilida insonlarga nisbatan ishlatilganda "falonchining narsasi" deyish uchun falonchining oxiriga lotin yozuvidagi tutuq belgisini va "s" harfini qo'yamiz. — Masalan: • Bobur's camera - Boburning kamerasi • My brother's car - Akamning mashinasi. — Agar tutuq belgi tushib qolsa, "brothers" - akalar bo'lib qoladi, shunga e'tibor qilish kerak. Bu belgi faqat odamlar uchun ishlatiladi. — Agar bittadan ko'p inson haqida bo'lsa, "s" harfi tutuq belgisidan oldinga qo'yiladi. • My friend's house - Mening do'stimni uyi. • My friends' house - Mening do'stlarimni uyi. • Him parents' car - Uning ota-onasini mashinasi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 112 — Agar egalik qiladigan tomon narsa bo'lsa, undan oldin "of" qo'yiladi. • What is the name of this town? - Bu shaharchaning nomi nima? • The capital of Spain - Ispaniyani poytaxti • The meaning of this word - Bu so'zning ma'nosi. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • I stayed at my sister's house. • Ann's hair. • Have you met Mr. Kelly's wife. • Are you going to James's party. • Ann is a girl's name. • It's my mother's. • The roof of the building. • The beginning of the film. • The time of the next train. • The capital of this word. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 59: a/an — Noaniq yoki birinchi marta aytilayotgan bittalik narsalar oldiga a/an qo'shiladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 113 • a table • a bus • a rose • a window ... — Gap davomida o'sha narsa ikkinchi marta kelsa, yoki u narsa hammaga tanish - aniq narsa bo'lsa, a/an o'rniga "the" qo'yiladi. • the book • the door ... — Narsalar nomlarining bosh harfi a, e, i, o, u bilan boshlansa, "a" o'rniga "an" ishlatiladi. • an apple • an umbrella ... — "Hour" so'zi [our] deb o'qilgani uchun u ham "an hour" yoziladi. — "Universitet" va "Evrope" so'zlari "u" bilan boshlansa ham "a" qo'yiladi. Chunki aytilishda "y" bilan boshlanadi: a universitet, a Evropean. — Ish-joy va sohalar uchun ham a/an ishlatiladi. • I'm a dentist - Men tish doktoriman. • Would you like to be an engineer - Injiner bo'lmoqchimisiz? Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 114 — Another = an other - "yana boshqa" degan ma'noni bildiradi. • Open another window. It's very hot. - Boshqa derazani ham oching. Juda issiq. — Agar narsadan oldin uning sifati ham kelgan bo'lsa, a/an sifatdan oldin qo'yiladi. • We stayed at an expensive hotel - Biz qimmat mehmonxonada turdik. — Agar sifatdan oldin yana sifat bo'lsa, a/an undan ham oldin qo'yiladi. • It's a very difficult question - U juda qiyin savol. — Gapda a/an qo'yilishidagi asosiy ma'no narsaning hali noma'lumligi, u haqida hozir birinchi marta gapirilayotganligi va u narsani bittaligidir. Ikkinchi marta gapirilganda uning noaniqligi qolmaydi va "the" bilan yoziladi. — Ko'plikda hech qachon a/an qo'yilmaydi. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Do you want a cup of tea? • Alice works in a bank. • I want to ask a question. • They live in an old house. • A mouse is an animal. • Would you like to be a teacher? • Beethoven was a composer. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 115 • Picasso was a famous painter. • Are you a student? • Can I have another cup of coffee? Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 60: flower / flowers (singular and plural) — O'zbekchada "lar" qo'shimchasi ko'plikni anglatganidek inglizchada ham so'zning oxiriga s, es, ies va ves qo'shimchalaridan biri qo'shilishi yoki so'zning o'zgarishi bilan bo'ladi. — So'zning oxiri s, sh, ch, x harflaridan biri bilan tugagan bo'lsa, ko'plikni bildirish uchun "es" qo'shamiz. • bus - buses • dish - dishes • church - churches • box - boxes — Bundan tashqari quyidagi so'zlarda ham shunday. • potato - potatoes • tomato - tomatoes — So'zning oxiri "y" harfi bilan tugab, undan oldingi harf unli bo'lmasa "y"ni o'rniga "ies" qo'yamiz. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 116 • baby - babies • party - parties — Agar "y" harfidan oldin unli harflar kelsa, "s" qo'shiladi. • day -days • boy - boys • guy - guys • key - keys — So'zning oxiri f va fe bilan tugagan so'zlarda f va fe o'rniga "ves" qo'shamiz. • shelf - shelves • wife - wives — Bulardan boshqa so'zlarda faqat "s" qo'shiladi. • week - weeks • flower - flowers • brother - brothers — Quyidagi so'zlarga o'xshash ikki bo'lakli narsalar ham asli bitta bo'lsada ko'plik deb e'tiborga olinadi. • scissors - qaychi Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 117 • glasses - ko'zoynak • shoes - poyafzal • jeans - shim va hokazo — Ammo "pair" (juft) so'zida ko'plik qo'shimchasi yo'qligi uchun birlikda deb e'tiborga olinadi. Bu so'zda a/an ishlatish mumkin. — Ba'zi so'zlarni ko'plikda ishlatish uchun hech qanday qo'shimcha qo'shilmaydi, so'zning o'zi o'zgaradi. • man - men • child - children • foot - feet • mause - mice, woman - women • tooth - teeth — Sheep va fish so'zlari umuman o'zgarmaydi. — Police so'zi ko'plikda. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Do you wear glasses? • I need the scissors. • I need a new pair of jeans. • I need some new jeans. • She is a nice person. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 118 • They are nice people. • Some people are very stupid. • The police is coming. • Sheep is an domestic animal. • She has two babies. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 61: a car/some money (countable/uncountable 1) — Sanaluvchi va sanalmaydigan narsalar. — Countable - sanasa bo'ladigan narsalarga birlikda a/an qo'yib yoziladi. • a car • a hat • a flower • a man — Bu so'zlar aniq artiklda kelsa "the" bilan yoziladi. • the car • the house — Ko'plikda kelganda sanog'ini yoki "some" (qanchadir) so'zini qo'llash mumkin. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 119 • two cars • some cars — Uncountable - sanab bo'lmaydigan, balki boshqa (kg, litr, metr va hokazo) mezonlarda o'lchanadigan narsalarga a/an qo'yilmaydi • water (suv) • rain (yomg'ir) • music (musiqa) — Bunday so'zlarga hech qachon ko'plik qo'shimchasi qo'yilmaydi. • waters • oils • moneys (bular noto'g'ri) — "Some" so'zi bilan ishlatish mumkin. • some money (qanchadir miqdorda pul) • some music (qanchadir uzunlikda musiqa) — Yoki uncountable narsalarni biror idish yoki boshqa o'lchov birligi bilan aytish mumkin. U holda o'lchovdan oldin a/an qo'yiladi. Chunki o'lchov birligini sanash mumkin. • a piece of cheese - bir bo'lak pishloq Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 120 • a bowl of rice - bir chini guruch • a game of tennis - bitta tennis o'yini • a cup of coffee - bir chashka kofe • a glass of water - bir stakan suv • a bottle of milk - bir butilka sut • a bar of chocolate - bir parcha shokolad • a loaf of bread - bir kesim non • a jar of honey - bir banka asal — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • I have got a car. • There are many cars in the car park. • I haven't got a car. • I have got some money. • There isn't much money in the box. • Money isn't anything. • Salt is not expensive. • Ann never wears hat. • Do you like cheese? • Marry doesn't eat meat. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 62: a car/some money (countable/uncountable 2) Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 121 — Farqiga e'tibor bering. 1) a cake - bir butun tort 2) some cakes - bir nechta tort 3) some cake - bir bo'lak tort 4) a piece of cake - bir bo'lak tort — 1-gapda "a" bo'lgani uchun bitta deb tushunamiz. — 2-gapda "cakes" ko'plikda kelgani uchun butun tortlardan bir nechtasini tushunamiz. — 3-gapda "some"dan so'ng "cake" birlikda kelgani uchun bitta tortning qanchadir qismini tushunamiz. — 4-gapning ma'nosi 3-gap bilan bir xil. — Quyidagi gaplar inglizchada hech qachon ko'plik shaklda kelmaydi. • bread (non) • weather (ob-havo) • information (ma'lumot) • advice (maslahat) • hair (soch) • furniture (mebel) • paper (qog'oz) Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 122 • news (yangilik) — Masalan, breads, hairs, papers deyish noto'g'ri, some bread, some paper, some hair kabi yoziladi. — Bu so'zlar odatda sanalmasligi uchun a/an qo'yilmaydi. — Ammo "a newspaper" (gazeta) so'zida a/an ishlatsa bo'ladi. • I bought a pen, some bread and some cheese - Men ruchka, qanchadir non va pishloq xarid qildim. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • I need a new car. • Would you like an apple. • I need some new shoes. • I need some money. • She bought a hat. • I read a newspaper. • I'm going to buy some bread. • It's nice weather today. • She has got long hair. • I've just had some good news. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 123 UNIT 63: a/an and the — Ingliz tilida 2 xil artikl bor: a/an va the. — Juda ko'p gaplarda narsalar va odamlar nomidan yoki o'shaning sifatidan oldin, albatta, artikl qo'yiladi. Artiklsiz gap nuqsonli, yetilmagan gap bo'lib qoladi. — Noaniq artiklni biror narsani 1-marta aytayotganda, yoki aniq bitta obyektni anglatmasdan, alohida tanlanmasdan aytilgan vaqtda qo'yiladi. — Masalan, uyda bir nechta deraza bor. Ulardan birortasini ochib qo'yish kerak, lekin qaysi birini ochishni farqi yo'q. Shu holatda deraza noaniq artiklga kiradi. • Can you open a window? - Derazani ochib qo'yolasizmi? — Agar uyda deraza bitta bo'lsa, aniq artikl qo'yiladi. • Can you open the window? — Noaniq artikl bilan kelgan narsa gapda 2-marta kelsa, u aniq artiklga aylanadi. Chunki u narsa oldingi gapda bizga ma'lum bo'lgan. • He have two children, a boy and a girl. The boy is 7 years old and the girl 4 years old - Uning ikkita bolasi bor, o'g'il va qiz. O'g'il 7 yoshda va qiz 4 yoshda. • Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan - Toshkent O'zbekistonning poytaxti. Poytaxt bitta bo'lgani uchun "the" qo'ydik. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 124 • New York is a big city in USA - Nyu York AQSHdagi katta shaharlardan biri. AQSHda katta shaharlar ko'p, shuning uchun "a" ishlatdik. • Bobur is in the bathroom. He having a bath - Bobur vannaxonada. U vanna qabul qilyapdi. Uyda asosan bitta vannaxona bo'ladi, shuning uchun "the" qo'ydik. Vanna qabul qilish esa ertalabki, kechqurungi va hokazo bo'lishi mumkin. Shuning uchun "a" qo'ydik. — Uyning qismlari, oshxona, bog', eshik kabilar doim "the" bilan keladi. — Shahar nuqtalari, markaz, aeroport, vokzal kabi joylar ham "the" bilan keladi. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • They've got a car. • I'm going to clean the car. • I'm writing a lette. • Rome is a big city in Italy. • Britain is an island. • Rome is the capital of Italy. • Where is Tom? In the garden. • I turned of the light. • I opened the door. • Do you live far from the center? Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 64: the Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 125 — Aniq belgilangan holat va narsalar uchun ko'pincha "the" qo'yamiz. • What is the name of this village? - Bu qishloqning nomi nima? — Bu yerda aniq bitta qishloq haqida gap ketyapdi. Nomi so'ralayotganda "the" nomi degan so'zdan oldin qo'yiladi. • Can you tell me the time, please? - Soat nechchi bo'lganini aytib berolasizmi, iltimos? (Hozirgi aniq vaqt so'ralyapdi). — The President (Prezident), the city centre (shahar markazi), the sun (quyosh), the moon (oy), the world (dunyo), the sky (osmon), the sea (ummon), the ground (zamin) kabi bitta bo'ladigan narsalar doim "the" bilan keladi. — First (birinchi), third (uchinchi) kabi darajalar va best (eng yaxshi), nearest (eng yaqin) kabi so'zlar ham doim "the" bilan keladi. — The top (yuqorisi), the right (o'ng tomoni), the left (chap tomoni), the bottom (past tomoni), the beginning (boshlanishi), the end (oxiri) so'zlari ham doim "the" bilan yoziladi. — The same (umumiy bitta narsa) so'zi ham doim "the" bilan yoziladi. • We live in the same street - Biz bitta ko'chada yashaymiz. — The police (militsiya), the fire brigade (o't o'chiruvchi), the army (armiya) kabi davlat hodimlari ham "the" bilan keladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 126 — Piano (pionino), guitar (gitara), trumpet (karnay) kabi cholg'u asboblari ham "the" bilan keladi. — Televideniya va radio kanallari nazarda tutilganda the radio, the television deyiladi. Lekin televizorning o'zi nazarda tutilsa, aniq yoki noaniq artiklda kelishi mumkin. • I like watching television - Men televizor ko'rishni yoqtiraman. • Can you turn off the television? - Televizorni o'chirib qo'yolasizmi? — Breakfast (nonushta), lunch (2-nonushta), dinner (tushlik) kabi ovqatlanish vaqtlariga "the" qo'yilmaydi. — My (mening), our (bizning), your (sizning), their (ularning) kabi so'zlardan so'ng artikl aniq bo'ladimi noaniq bo'ladimi a/an yoki "the" qo'yilmaydi. • Our apartment is on the third floor - Bizning kvartiramiz uchinchi etajda joylashgan. Bizning deyilgani uchun kvartiradan oldin artikl qo'yilmadi. Uchinchi etaj aniq bo'lgani uchun aniq artikl qo'yildi. — My book - Mening kitobim. Hech qachon "my a book" yoki "my the book" deyilmaydi. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Rome is the capital of Italy. • What is the name of the village? • Where is the nearest bank? Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 127 • Can you tell me the time? • My office is on the first floor. • Do you live near the city? • Write the name at the top of the page. • The beginning of the film is not good. • We live in the same street. • The sky is blue. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 65: go home/go to work work/go to the cinema — Quyidagi so'zlarda hech qachon "the" ishlatilmaydi (yodlash zarur). work - ish school - maktab university - universitet church - cherkov bed - krovat (uxlash) hospital - shifoxona prison - qamoqxona home - uy — Misollar: Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 128 • I finish work at 5 o'clock every day - Men ishni har kuni soat beshda tugataman. • What did you learn at school today? - Sen bugun maktabda nima o'rganding? • I'm tired. I'm going to bed - Men charchadim. Men uxlamoqchiman. • I wouldn't like to be in prison - Men qamoqxonada bo'lishni xohlamayman. — Quyidagi so'zlarda doim "the" qo'yiladi (yodlash zarur). the cinema - kinoxona the theatre - teatr the bank - bank the post office - pochtaxona the doctor - shifokor the dentist - tish shifokori the toilet - xojatxona — Misollar: • Do you often go to the cinema? - Siz tez-tez kinoxonaga borib turasizmi? • I must go to the bank today - Men bugun bankga borishim kerak. • I'm going to the dentist tomorrow - Men ertaga tish doktoriga bormoqchiman. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • What time do you go to work? • I finish work at 5 o'clock every day. • What didi you learn at school today? Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 129 • Dom usuallygoes to church on Sundays. • He is in hospital. • I'm going to bed. • I wouldn't like to be in prison. • I'm going home. • Do you often go to the cinema? • I must go to the toilet. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 66: I like music. I hate examinations. — Umumiy narsalar haqida gapirayotganda "the" qo'yilmaydi. • I like music - Men musiqani yoqtiraman. • I don't like examinations - Men imtixonlarni yoqtirmayman. — Sport o'yinlari ham "the" qo'yilmasdan yoziladi. • My favourite sports are tennis and skiing - Mening yoqtirgan sport turlarim tennis va chang'i uchish. — Fanlar va tillar nomida ham "the" ishlatilmaydi. • Do you think English is difficult - Sizningcha ingliz tili qiyinmi? Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 130 history - tarix geography - geografiya biology - biologiya physics - fizika chemistry - kimyo va boshqalar — Lekin aniqlik, xoslik mavjud bo'lsa "the" qo'yamiz. • Are you interested in the history of your country - Siz o'z mamlakatingiz tarixiga qiziqasizmi? — Quyidagi gap umumiy ob-havo haqida bo'lgani uchun "the" qo'ymaymiz. • I don't like cold weather - Men sovuq havoni yoqtirmayman. — Quyidagi gap aynan bugungi ob-havo haqida bo'lgani uchun "the" qo'yamiz. • The weather isn't very nice today - Bugun havo unchalik yaxshi emas. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • I like music. • I like classical music. • We don't eat meat very often. • Life is not possible without water. • I'm not good at writing letters. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 131 • Flowers are beautiful. • I don't like cold weather. • Are you interested in history? • Everybody needs food. • It's a nice hotel and the food is very good. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 67: the (names of places) — Qit'a, davlat, shahar nomlarida "the" qo'yilmaydi. • Canada is a very large country - Kanada juda katta davlat. • Cairo is the capital of Egypt - Qohira Misrning poytaxti. — Joy nomlarining oldida Republic, States, Kingdom so'zlari kelsa "the" qo'yiladi. • The United States (of America) - Qo'shma Shtatlar. — Mahalla, ko'cha nomlariga "the" qo'yilmaydi. • Bobur lives in Tinchlik street - Bobur Tinchlik ko'chasida yashaydi. — Aeroport, vokzal, universitet, binolar nomlariga ham "the" qo'yilmaydi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 132 • Munich Airport - Myunxen aeroporti. (Airport, station kabi shahar nuqtalari nomsiz holda kelsa "the" qo'yilishini avvalgi darslarda o'rgandik) — Mehmonxona, restoran, kinoxona, teatr, muzey kabilar nomi bilan kelsa, "the" qo'yamiz. • The National Theatre - Xalq (yoki Milliy) teatri. — Okeanlar, dengizlar, daryolar, kanallar nomlariga "the" qo'yiladi. • The Pacific Ocean - Tinch okeani • The Mediterranean Sea - O'rta Yer dengizi. — Joy nomlari "of" (ning) bilan kelganda "the" qo'yiladi. • The bank of England - Angliyaning banki. — North - shimol, south - janub, east - sharq, west - g'arb, middle - o'rta so'zlari doim "the" bilan yoziladi. • I have been to the north of Italy but not to the south - Men Italiyaning shimolida bo'lganman, lekin janubida bo'lmaganman. — Joy nomlari ko'plikda kelsa ham "the" qo'yiladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 133 • The Philippines - Flippin orollari. • The Alps are mountains in central Europe - Alp tog'lari markaziy Yevropada joylashgan. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Corsica is an island in the Mediterranean. • Kevin lives in Coronation Street. • Where is Highfield Road, please? • The Hilton is a big hotel. • Trafalgan Square is in the center of London. • France is a very rich country. • The Atlantic Oceian is not big. • The National Theatre is in the city. • The Tate Gallery is good. • The Tower of London is high. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 68: this/that/these/those — Juda yaqin turgan narsani ko'rsatish birlikda "this" (bu), ko'plikda "these" (bular). • Do you like this picture - Bu rasm sizga yoqdimi? • These flowers are for you - Bu gullar siz uchun. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 134 — Nariroqda yoki judayam uzoqda turgan narsani ko'rsatish birlikda "that" (o'sha), ko'plikda "those" (o'shalar). • That is my bicycle - o'sha mening velosipedim. • Who are those people - O'sha odamlar kimlar? — Glasses (ko'zoynak), shoes (poyafzal) kabi ko'plikda aytiladigan so'zlarga ham e'tibor berib, these va those so'zlarini ishlatamiz. • Are those your glasses - Anavi ko'zoynak siznikimi? — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Do you like this picture? • Do you like that picture? • These flowers are for you. • Who are those people? • This hotel is expensive but it's very nice. • Who's that girl? • Do you like these shoes? • Is this your bag? • Which shoes do you like? These or those? Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 69: one / ones Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 135 — "One"(bir) so'zi ingliz tilida xuddi o'zbek tilidagiga o'xshash "qaysi biri" jumlasida ham ishlatiladi. • Which one - Qaysi biri? (birlikda) • Which ones - Qaysi birlari? (ko'plikda). — Birlikda doim "one", ko'plikda "ones" ishlatiladi. • Which car is yours? This one or that one? - Qaysi mashina sizniki? Bunisimi yoki anavisimi? — "These" (bular) va "those" (anavilar) so'zlari kelganda one/ones qo'yilmaydi. • Which flowers do you want? • These or those? - Qaysi gullarni xohlaysiz? Bularnimi yoki anavilarnimi? — Aytilgan narsalar ko'rinib turgan bo'lsa, u narsani nomini aytmasdan one/ones bilan gapirish mumkin. Masalan, qo'lida ikkita shlyapani ko'rsatib, so'rayabdi. • Which one do you want? - Qaysi birini xohlaysiz? — Bu gapda "one" so'zi "hat"(shlyapa)ni bildiryapdi. — Agar aytilgan narsalar ko'rinib turmagan bo'lsa, 1-gap yoki 1-bo'lakda nomi aytilib, keyingisida one/ones ishlatiladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 136 • I need a pen. Have you got one? - Menga ruchka kerak. Bitta berib turolasizmi? — Agar gapda sifat so'zi bo'lsa, one/ones sifatdan keyin qo'yiladi. • I don't like the red shoes but I like the black ones - Menga qizil poyafzal yoqmaydi, ammo menga qorasi yoqadi. — Sifatdan oldin birlikda a/an, ko'plikda some kelishi. • This cup is dirty. Can I have a clean one? - Bu piyola kir. Menga tozasini berolasizmi? • My shoes very old. I must buy some new ones - Mening poyafzalim juda eski. Men yangilarini xarid qilishim zarur. — Ingliz tilida one/ones faqat savolda emas, javob berganda ham ishlatiladi. Agar taqqoslasak, o'zbek tilida javob berayotganda bu narsa ishlatilmaydi, uni o'rnida "si" qo'shimchasi qo'yiladi. — Diolog: - I like that coat. (Menga anavi palto yoqadi) - Which one? (Qaysi biri?) - The black one. (Qorasi) — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Which car is yours? This one or that one? • Which hotel did you stay at? • The one near the starltion. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 137 • I don't like the black coat but I like the brown one. • Don't buy that camera. Buy the other one. • This cup is dirty. Can I have a clean one? • That biscuit was nice. • I'm going to have another one. • I don't like the red shoes but I like the green ones. • Which flowers do you want? These or those? Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 70: some / any — "Some" va "any" so'zlarining ma'nosi bir-biriga juda yaqin. — "Some" - bir qancha, biroz, "any" - hech qancha. Ikkalasini bir-birining o'rnida ishlatish mumkin emas. — Agar gapda inkor so'zi (not) bo'lmasa, some, something (nimadir), somebody/someone (kimdir) so'zlari ishlatiladi. • I'm going to buy some eggs - Men bir qancha tuxum xarid qilgani ketyapman. • She said something - U nimadir dedi. • I saw somebody (yoki "someone") - Men kimnidir ko'rdim. — Agar gapda inkor so'zi (not) bo'lsa, any, anything (hech nima), anybody/anyone (hech kim) so'zlari ishlatiladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 138 • I haven't got any money - Menda hech qanday pul yo'q. • He didn't say anything - U hech narsa demadi. • I don't need anybody to help me - Men hech kimning yordamiga muhtoj emasman. — Savol berayotganda ikki xil holatda "some" ishlatiladi. 1.Taklif qilayotganda: • Would you like some coffee - Biroz kofe xohlaysizmi? 2.Iltimos qilayotganda: • Can you lend me some money - Menga ozgina pul berib turolasizmi? — Bulardan boshqa barcha savollarda faqat "any" ishlatiladi. • Are you doing anything this evening - Bu oqshom nimadir qilyapsizmi? • I can't find my pen. Has anybody seen it? - Men ruchkamni topolmayapman. Uni hech kim ko'rmadimi? — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • I'm going to buy some eggs. • There is some ice in the fridge. • They made some mistakes. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 139 • I'm not going to buy any eggs. • There isn't any ice in the fridge. • They didn't make any mistake. • She didn't say anything. • Would you like some coffee? • Would you like something to eat? • Can I have some soup, please? Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 71: not + any / no / none — Gaplarda inkor (not) ishlatilganda "hech qanday" deyish uchun "any" ishlatardik. • I'm not going to do any work this evening - Men bu oqshom hech qanday ish qilmoqchi emasman. — Agar gapda "not" ishlatmasak "any" ham ishlatilmaydi. Uning o'rniga inkor qilish uchun "no" so'zini ishlatish mumkin. • I have got no friends - Menda do'stlar yo'q. • Yoki: I haven't got any friends (Menda hech qanday do'stlar yo'q) desa ham bo'ladi. Demak "no" gapda "not" ishlatilmagan paytda qo'yiladi. — Chunki bitta gapda ikkita inkor so'zi kelmaydi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 140 — Qisqa qilib yo'q deb javob berish uchun "none" ishlatamiz. • How much time have we got? (Bizda qancha vaqt bor?) • None. (Yo'q. Vaqtimiz qolmadi) — Agar qisqa javobda "hech kim" demoqchi bo'lsak "no-one" so'zini ishlatamiz. • Who did you meet (Siz kim bilan uchrashgan edingiz)? • No-one (Hech kim bilan). — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • He hasn't got any money. • There aren't good hotels in the town. • I didn't take any. • He has got no money. • There are no buses after 11.30. • I haven't got any friends. • I have got no friend. • I've got no time. • How much money have you got? • None. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 141 UNIT 72: not + anybody/anyone/anything/nobody/no-one/nothing — Gapda inkor (not) so'zi bo'lsa "any" bilan kelgan so'zlarni ishlatish mumkin. anybody/anyone - hech kim anything - hech narsa • There isn't anything in the bag - Sumkaning ichida hech narsa yo'q. • There isn't anybody in the room - Xonaning ichida hech kim yo'q. — Agar gapda inkor (not) so'zini ishlatmasak "no" bilan boshlangan so'zlarni qo'llasak bo'ladi. no-one/nobody - hech kim nothing - hech narsa — Yuqoridagi kelgan gaplarni shu keyingi uslubda yozamiz. Ya'ni "not" qo'ymaymiz va "no" bilan boshlangan so'zlarni ishlatamiz. • There is nothing in the bag - Sumkaning ichida hech narsa yo'q. • There is nobody in the room - Xonaning ichida hech kim yo'q. — Ko'rib turganingizdek, tarjimasi bir xil, faqat inkor qilishda farq bor. — Dars mavzusidagi so'zlarni gapning boshida ishlatmoqchi bo'lsak, yoki qisqa javob bersak doim "no" bilan boshlangan so'zlarni ishlatamiz. • Nobody is perfect - Hech kim mukammal emas. • Nothing happened - Hech narsa bo'lmadi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 142 • Who is in the room (Xonani ichida kim bor)? • Nobody (Hech kim). — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • There isn't anybody in the room. • There isn't anything in the bag. • There is nobody in the room. • There is nothing in the bag. • Who is in the room? • Nobody. • What is in the bag? • Nothing. • Please, don't tell anybody. • She said nothing. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 73: some/any/no + body/one/thing/where — Uchta yangi so'z: somewhere - qaysidir joy anywhere - qaysidir yoki hech qayer nowhere - hech qayer Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 143 — Qaysi birini qaysi o'rinda ishlatamiz? Takroran aytib o'tamiz. 1. Somebody, Something, somewhere 2. Anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere 3. Nobody, no-one, nothing, nowhere — Odamlar uchun "body" va "one", narsalar uchun "thing", joylar uchun "where" qo'shilyapdi. — Odamlar va narsalar qanchadir miqdorda mavjudligi hamda noma'lum qaysidir joy haqidagi gap inkorsiz holda kelsa "some" ishlatamiz. • They live somewhere in the south of Uzbekistan - Ular O'zbekistonning janubini qaysidir joyida yashaydi. — Taklif va iltimos qilishda ham "some" ishlatamiz. • Would you like something to drink? - Ichgani biror narsa xohlaysizmi? • Can I have some water, please? - Menga suv berolasizmi, iltimos? — Gapda inkor so'zi (not) mavjud bo'lsa "any" ishlatamiz. • I'm not going anywhere - Men hech qayerga ketmayapman. — Taklif va iltimosdan boshqa savollarda doim "any" ishlatamiz. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 144 • Is there anyone in the garden? • Bog'da kimdir bormi? — Odamlar va narsalarning mavjud emasligi hamda hech qaysi joy haqidagi gap inkor so'zi (not)siz kelsa "no" ishlatiladi. • There is nobody in the garden - Bog'da hech kim yo'q. — Qisqa javob berish yoki gapning boshida qo'llash uchun ham "no" ishlatiladi. • Where are you going (Qayerga ketyapsiz)? • Nowhere (Hech qayerga). • No-one knows - Hech kim bilmaydi. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • There is somebody in the garden. • They live somewhere in the south of England. • Is there anybody in the garden? • Are you doing anything this evening? • It's dark. I can't see anything. • I'm staying here. I'm not going anywhere. • There is nobody in the garden. • What did you say? Nothing. • There is nowhere to go. • I want something to eat. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 145 Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 74: every/everybody/everything Everybody/everyone - har kim Everything - har bir narsa Everywhere - har bir joy. — "Every" so'zi ishlatilgan gap asli ko'plikda bo'lsa ham, har bitta deyilayotgani uchun birlikda yoziladi va it/was/has kabi birlik formalar qo'yiladi: • Every country has a national flag - Har bir davlatning milliy bayrog'i bor. (Countries - "davlatlar" demaymiz) — "All" - hamma degan ma'noni bildiradi va u "har bir" deyish mumkin bo'lmagan joyda ishlatiladi. • Yesterday it rained all day - Kecha kuni bilan yomg'ir yog'di. — Bu gapda "every day" desak, "Kecha har kuni yomg'ir yog'di" degan bo'lardik. Albatta, u noto'g'ri bo'ladi. — "Every" so'ziga odamlar uchun "body/one", narsalar uchun "thing", joylar uchun "where" qo'shamiz. • Everybody needs friends - Har bir odamga (yoki hammaga) do'stlar kerak. ("need" so'zi 3-shaxs birlikda hisoblangani uchun "s" bilan yozilyapdi) Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 146 • I know everything about computers - Men kompyuter haqida hamma narsani bilaman. • There are books everywhere. • Har bir joyda kitoblar bor. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Every house in this street is the same. • Alice jas been to every country in Europe. • She looks different every time I see her. • Every country has a national flag. • All countries have a mational flag. • How often do you read a newspaper? • Every day. • Bill watches TV every evening. • Everybody needs friends. • Have you got everything? Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 75: all/most/some /no/any — All - Hammasi — Most - juda ko'p, yarmidan ko'prog'i Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 147 — Some - ozgina, bir qismi, yarmidan ozi — No/none/not - mavjud emas — Any - qanchaligi ham, bor-yo'qligi ham noma'lum — Bu so'zlardan so'ng ot so'z turkumi kelsa "of" ishlatilmaydi. • Most people like Bobur - Odamlarning ko'pi Boburni yoqtiradi. — Doim "ning" qo'shimchasi "of" bilan ifoda qilinardi, lekin aytganimizdek, bu so'zlar ot bilan kelganda "of" qo'yilmaydi. — Most, some, none, any so'zlaridan keyin quyidagi holatlarda "of" qo'yiladi. 1.Aniq artikl (the) bilan kelganda. • I enjoyed most of the film - Men bu filmdan bahramand bo'ldim. 2.Ko'rsatish olmoshlari (this/these va that/those) bilan kelganda. • Some of this money is yours - Bu pulning bir qismi sizniki. 3.Kimgadir tegishliligi haqida (my, your va hokazo) kelganda. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 148 • None of my friends - Mening do'stlarim yo'q. — Uchchala holat "all" bilan kelsa "of" qo'yilmaydi. • She has lived in London all her life - U butun umr Londonda yashagan. — All, most, some, none, any so'zlari them, it, us, his kabi so'zlar bilan kelsa "of" ishlatiladi. • Do you know those people? (Anavi odamlarni taniysizmi) • Most of them, but not all of them. (Ulardan ko'pini taniyman, lekin hammasini emas) — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • All big cities have the same problems. • Most people like Jack. • I like some classical music but not all. • There are no buses on Sundays. • Most of my friends live in London. • I don't know any of those people. • Do you know those people? • Most of them but not all of them. • Most children • Most of the children. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 149 UNIT 76: both / either / neither — Both - ikkalasi ham — Either - unisi yoki bunisi — Neither - birortasi ham emas — "Both" doim ko'plikda keladi. both windows both children — Qolganlari birlikda keladi. either window neither child — Bu so'zlar aniq artikl (the), ko'rsatish olmoshlari (masalan: this) va tegishli ma'nosidagi (masalan: my) so'zlardan oldin kelsa "of" ishlatsa ham ishlatmasa ham bo'ladi:l • I like both (of) those pictures - Menga anavi rasmlarning ikkalasi ham yoqadi. — Lekin us, you, them so'zlaridan oldin kelsa oraga "of" qo'yiladi Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 150 • Alisher has got two sisters. Both of them are married - Alisherni ikkita qizi bor. Ikkalasi ham turmushga chiqqan. — Boshqa misollar • I invited Bobur and Alisher to my party but neither of them came - Men Bobur va Alisherni kechamga taklif qilgan edim, lekin ikkalasi ham kelmadi. • Would you like tea or coffee? You can have either? - Choy yoki kofe xohlaysizmi? Qaysi birini olasiz? — Neither qo'yiladigan gapda inkor so'zi ham kelib qolsa, either qo'yiladi. • I don't like either of them - Men ularning ikkalasini ham yoqtirmayman. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Do you like classical music or pop music? • Both. • Would you like tea or coffee? You can have either. • Both sisters are married. • I like both cities very much. • Neither book was very interesting. • You can go either way. • I like both (of) those pictures. • Neither of my parent is English. • Neither of us was hungry. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 151 Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 77: a lot / much / many — Much - ko'p, sanab bo'lmaydigan (uncountable) narsalarga ishlatiladi. much water - ko'p suv — Many - ko'p, donalab sanaladigan (countable) so'zlarga ishlatiladi. Har doim ko'plikda keladi. many books - ko'pgina kitoblar — Ushbu ikkala so'z savol berilayotgan va inkor gapda ishlatiladi. Aytganimizdek, sanalmaydigan narsalarga - much, sanaladigan narsalarga - many ishlatiladi. • Do you drink much coffee? - Siz kofeni ko'p ichasizmi? • He has not got many friends - Uning do'stlari ko'p emas. — Agar gap savol yoki inkor bo'lmasa, much/many o'rnida "a lot" ishlatsak bo'ladi, odatda shunaqa. Lekin bunda ham much/ many ishlatilsa bo'laveradi. — "A lot" ikkalasini o'rnida ham ishlatilaveradi, faqat savol yoki inkor bo'lmasligi kerak. — "A lot" so'zidan keyin ot so'z turkumi kelsa "of" qo'shiladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 152 • He ate a lot of food - U ko'p ovqat yedi. — Agar undan so'ng ot kelmasa "of" ham qo'yilmaydi. • He ate a lot - U ko'p yedi. — Ba'zan "much" so'zi "often" (tez-tez) ma'nosida ham keladi. • Do you watch TV much? - Siz tez-tez televizor ko'rib turasizmi? — Qisqa javob berish mumkin. Agar javob inkor bo'lsa, "much" ishlatamiz. • No, not much - Yo'q, ko'p emas. — Javob ijobiy bo'lsa, "a lot" qo'yamiz. • Yes, a lot - Ha, ko'p. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Do you drink much coffee? • Do you know many people? • How much money have you got? • How many photographs did you take? • Have you got any money? • I have got some but not much. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 153 • He hasn't got many friends. • I drink a lot of coffee. • There aren't many hotels in the town. • He ate a lot. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 78: (a) little (a) few — A little - ozgina, donalab sanalmaydigan narsalarga ishlatiladi. a little sugar - ozgina shakar A few - ozgina, donalab sanaladigan narsalarga ishlatiladi va doim ko'plikda yoziladi. A few people - Ozgina odamlar — Mavzuyimizdagi ikkala so'zda ham "a" qo'yilmasa, judayam oz, deyarli yo'q degan ma'no kelib chiqadi. • There was little food in the fridge. It was nearly empty - Sovutgichda judayam oz ovqat bor edi. U deyarli bo'sh edi. • There were few people in the park. It was nearly empty - Istirohat bog'ida juda kam odamlar bor edi. U deyarli bo'sh edi. — Gap ijobiy kayfiyatda bo'lsa "a little", salbiy kayfiyatda bo'lsa "little" ishlatiladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 154 • I have got a little money - Meni ozgina pulim bor. • I have got little money - Meni pulim juda oz. — Shuningdek, "a few" ham ijobiy kayfiyatda, "few" salbiy kayfiyatda ishlatiladi. • I have got a few friends - Meni ozgina do'stlarim bor. • I have got few friends - Meni do'stlarim juda oz. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • She drank a little water. • Last night I wrote a few letters. • I speak a little Spanish. • Can you speak Spanish? • Have you got any cigarettes? • There were a few people. • She makes very few mistakes. • They have little money. • I have got few friends • She has got little water. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 79: big/tired/beautiful etc. (adjectives) Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 155 — "Qanaqa" so'rog'iga javob bo'lgan so'zlar adjective (sifat) so'z turkumiga kiradi. Ular doim noun (ot) so'z turkumidan oldin keladi. • It's a nice day today - Bugun yaxshi kun. (Bunda: adjective - nice, noun - day) — Sifat so'zlari doim "to be" (am/is/are/was/were va hokazo)dan keyin keladi. • The film wasn't very good. It was boring - Bu film juda yaxshi emas edi. Zerikarli edi. (Bunda: adjective - good, to be - was) — Beshta his qilish so'zlari ham sifat so'z turkumiga kiradi. look - ko'rinmoq sound - eshitilmoq smell - hid taste - ta'm feel - his qilmoq • He sounds happy - U (ovozi) xursand eshitilyapdi. • I feel tired - Men charchoqni his qilyapman. • It tastes good - Uni ta'mi yaxshi. — E'tibor beramiz, sifat so'zlari present simple. (Oddiy hozirgi zamon) 3-shaxs birlikda kelsa oxiriga "s" qo'shilyapdi (taste - tastes) — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 156 • Ann has got blue eyes. • There's a very old church in the village. • Do you like Italian food? • I don't speak any foreign languages. • The weather is nice today. • Those flowers are very beautiful. • Please be quite. • I feel tired too. • It sounds interesting. • They look American. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 80: quickly/badly/suddenly etc. (adverb) — Sifat odatda predmetning belgisini bildiradi. Ravish esa fe'lning belgisini bildiradi. — Ingliz tilida fe'lni ravishga aylantirish uchun harakatni ifodalovchi so'zga "ly" qo'shiladi. bad - badly (yomon) quick - quickly (tez) careful - carefully (ehtiyotkor) — Oxiri "y" bilan tugagan so'zlarda "y"ni o'rniga "ily" qo'shiladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 157 easy - easily (oson) heavy - heavily (qiyin, og'ir) — E'tibor bering: 1. Bobur is very quiet - Bobur juda sekin. 2. Bobur speaks very quietly - Bobur juda sekin gapiradi. — Birinchi gapda Boburning o'zi haqida gap ketyapdi. Ikkinchi gapda Boburning gapirishi, ya'ni fe'l haqida gap ketyapdi. — Shuning uchun "sekin" so'zi birinchi gapda adjective (sifat), ikkinchi gapda adverb (ravish) bo'lib kelyapdi. — Mana bu 4 ta so'z sifatda ham, ravishda ham bir xil keladi, "ly" qo'shilmaydi. fast - tez hard - qattiq late - kech early - erta • Bobur is a fast runner - Bobur tez yuguruvchi. — "Good" so'zi ravishda "well"ga o'zgaradi. • He speaks English very well - U inglizchani juda yaxshi gapiradi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 158 — "Well" so'zini sifatda ham "good" o'rnida ishlatsa bo'ladi, faqat sog'lik ma'nosida. • I'm very well - Men juda yaxshiman. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • The train stopped suddenly. • I opened the door slowly. • Please listen carefully. • Sue is very quiet. • Sue speaks very quietly. • Be carefull • Listen carefully. • It was a bad game. • Our team played badly. • Ben can run fast. • Ben is a fast runner. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 81: old/older/expensive/more expensive — O'zbek tilidagi "roq" qo'shimchasi ingliz tilida "er", "ier", "more" qo'shimchalari bilan ifodalanadi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 159 old - katta, older - kattaroq slow - sekin, slower - sekinroq — So'zning oxirgi harfi g, t, n harflari bilan tugagan bo'lsa shu harflar ikkita yoziladi. big - bigger hot - hotter thin - thinner — Oxirgi harfi "y" bo'lgan so'zlarda "y" tushib qolib, "ier" qo'shiladi. easy - easier heavy - heavier early - earlier — Quyidagi so'zlarga qo'shimcha qo'shilmaydi, o'rniga boshqa so'z ishlatiladi. good/well - yaxshi better - yaxshiroq bad - yomon worse - yomonroq far - olis further - olisroq Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 160 — Yuqoridagi qoidalar bir bo'g'inlik so'zlar uchun edi, ikki va undan ortiq bo'g'inli so'zlarga yuqoridagi qo'shimchalar qo'shilmaydi. Bunday so'zlarga "roq" qo'shimchasini qo'yish uchun so'zdan oldin "more" so'z-qo'shimchasi qo'shiladi. polite - odobli more polite - odobliroq expensive - qimmat more expensive - qimmatroq tired - charchagan more tired - charchaganroq modern - zamonaviy more modern - zamonaviyroq — O'zbeklar "roq" qo'shilganda "biroz" degan ma'noda tushunishlari ham mumkin. Lekin ingliz tilida "boshqalardan ko'ra ziyodaroq" deb tushuniladi. • Rome is old but Athens is older - Rim eski shahar, lekin Afina eskiroq. • Which is worse - a headache or toothache? - Qaysi biri yomonroq, bosh og'rig'imi yoki tish og'rig'imi? • I don't like this house. I prefer more modern houses. - Men bu uyni yoqtirmayman. Men zamonaviyroq uylarni afzal ko'raman. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Is it cheaper to go by car or by train? • Sue wants to buy a new car. • This coat is okay but I think the other one is nicer. • It is better today. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 161 • Which is worse? • Do you feel better today? • How far is the station? • It is easier to phone me. • I prefer more modern houses. • It is more expensive to go by car. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 82: older than ... / more expensive — Sifatlar uch xildir. 1. Oddiy sifat. Bunda sifat so'zlari odatiy ko'rinishda yoziladi. 2. Qiyosiy sifat. Bunda sifat so'zi er/ier/more qo'shimchalari bilan keladi. Ehtiyoj tug'ilsa ortidan "than" ishlatiladi. 3. Orttirma sifat. Buni keyingi darslarda o'rganamiz. — Bugungi mavzu ikkinchi turdagi sifat - qiyosiy sifatga oid. — Bir narsani boshqa narsaga nisbatan holatini bildirish uchun qiyosiy sifat qo'shimchasi bilan kelgan so'zdan so'ng "than" (nisbatan) so'zini ishlatamiz. • I'm taller than you - Men sizdan balandroqman. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 162 • Athens is older than Rome - Afina Rimdan eskiroq. • Bobur is speaks English better than Jasur - Bobur inglizchada Jasurdan yaxshiroq gapiradi. — "Than"dan so'ng me, him, her, us, them kabi so'zlarning kelishi. • I can run faster than him - Men undan tezroq yuguraman. • You work harder than me - Siz mendan qattiqroq ish qilasiz. Ko'p va oz so'zlari "than" bilan kelganda "more" va "less" ishlatiladi. • The film was very short, less than an hour - Film juda zerikarli edi, bir soatdan ozroq. • You go out more than me - Siz tashqariga mendan ko'p chiqasiz. — Agar tafovut ozgina bo'lsa qiyosiy sifat qo'shimchasini olgan so'zdan oldin "a bit" qo'yiladi. • Bobur is bit older than Alisher - Bobur Alisherdan sal kattaroq. — Agar o'rtadagi tafovut ancha bo'lsa "much" ishlatiladi. • Canada is much bigger than France - Kanada Fransiyadan ancha kattaroq. • A car is much more expensive than a bicycle - Mashina velosipeddan ancha qimmat turadi. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • It's easier to phone than to write a letter. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 163 • Better than yesterday. • I can run faster than him. • You are better singer than me. • I got up earlier than her. • You go out more than me. • Canada is much bigger than France • Jill is a bit older than Gary. • A car is much more expensive than a motor-bike. • It's more crowded than usual. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 83: not as ... as — "Not as ...as" - unchalik emas degan ma'noni bildirib, nuqtalar o'rniga sifat so'zi yoziladi. • Rome is not as old as Athens - Rim Afinachalik eski emas. — "Not" gapning boshrog'ida kelib, as ... as keyinroq kelishi mumkin. • I don't play tennis as often as you - Men tennisni sizchalik tez-tez o'ynamayman. — Donalab sanalmaydigan narsalarda "much", sanaladigan narsalarda "many" qo'yish mumkin. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 164 • I have not as much money as you - Meni pulim siznikichalik ko'p emas. • I don't know as many people as you - Men sizchalik ko'p odamlarni tanimayman. — "Than" bilan kelishi. • Rim is older than Parij but not as old as Athens - Rim Parijdan eskiroq, lekin Afinachalik eski emas. — "Than" bilan "not as" bir-biriga qarama-qarshi holatda bir xil ma'noni anglatishi. • Tennis isn't as popular as football - Tennis futbolchalik mashhur emas. • Football is more popular than tennis - Futbol tennisdan ko'ra mashhurroq. — "The same ...as" - bir xil degan ma'noni anglatadi. • I arrived at the same time as Bobur - Men Bobur bilan bir xil vaqtda yetib keldim. • My car is the same colour as yours - Mening mashinam rangi sizniki bilan bir xil. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • She's not as old as he is. • Rome is not as old as Athens. • The Grand Hotel is not expensive as the Europe. • I haven't got as much money as you. • I don't know as many people as you. • I don't go out as much as you. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 165 • Tennis isn't as popular as football. • You go out more than me. • She isn't as old as him. • I arrived the same time as me. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 84: the oldest/the most expensive — Ingliz tilida "eng" deyish uchun aniq artikl (the)dan so'ng sifat so'ziga "est" qo'shiladi. long - uzun the longest - eng uzun young - yosh the youngest - eng yosh cheap - arzon the cheapest - eng arzon — Sifat so'zi g, t harflari bilan tugagan bo'lsa, bu harflar ikkita yoziladi. big - the biggest (eng katta) hot - the hottest (eng issiq) — Oxirgi harfi y bilan tugasa bu harfni olib tashlab, "iest" qo'yiladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 166 heavy - the heaviest (eng og'ir) easy - the easiest (eng oson) • The Nile is the longest river in the world - Nil dunyodagi eng uzun daryo. — "Good" (yaxshi) so'zi orttirma sifatda "the best"ga, "bad" (yomon) esa "the worst"ga o'zgaradi. • I think he is the best in club - Menimcha u klubdagi eng yaxshisi. — Ikki va undan ortiq bo'g'inli sifatlatda "eng"ni qo'llash uchun so'zdan oldin "the most" qo'yiladi. • He is the most interesting person - U eng qiziqarli odam. — Present perfect (hozirgi tugallangan zamon)da kelishi. • It is the best film I have ever seen - U men ko'rgan eng yaxshi film. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • The Europa Hotel is the most expensive in the town. • It's the oldest building in the town. • What is the longest river in the world? • Where is the nearest bank? • It isn't the most important thing in life. • He is the best in the club. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 167 • The worst film I've ever seen. • What is the most unusual thing? • The most interesting film is this. • It was the best party. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 85: enough — Bu so'z biror narsa yoki sifatning qanchalik yetarliligini bildirish uchun ishlatiladi. Agar yetarli bo'lmasa "not enough" bo'ladi. — Bu so'z ot (noun) so'z turkumi bilan kelganda otdan oldin qo'yiladi. • I have got enough money - Menda yetarlicha pul bor. — Bu so'z sifat (adjective) so'z turkumi bilan kelganda sifatdan keyin qo'yiladi. • The car is not big enough - Bu mashina yetarlicha katta emas. — To bilan ishlatilishi. • I have not got enough money to buy a car - Menda mashina xarid qilishga yetarli pul yo'q. — For bilan ishlatilishi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 168 • I have not got enough money for a car - Menda mashina uchun yetarli pul yo'q. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • She hasn't got enough money. • Is there enough sugar in your coffee? • You've got enough money. • I've got some money but not enough. • I have had enough. • You don't go out enough. • It's not warm enough. • It isn't long enough. • This pullower isn't big enough money for me. • I haven't got enough money for a car. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 86: too — Ingliz tilida "too" so'zi gapning oxirida kelsa "ham" degan ma'noni bildiradi. Bu darsda esa bu so'zning "judayam" degan ma'nosini o'rganamiz. — Holatlarning haddan ortiqligini bildirib, ko'proq salbiy ma'no kasb etadi. O'zbek tiliga "judayam", "o'ta", "chidab bo'lmaydigan darajada", "haddan tashqari" kabi tarjima qilish mumkin. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 169 • The radio is too loud - Radioning ovozi judayam baland. • There is too much rain - Bu yerda juda ko'p yomg'ir yog'adi. — "Too" odatda "not enough"ning aksi bo'ladi. • There is too much sugar in my coffee - Meni kofeyimda shakar o'ta ko'p. • There isn't enough sugar in my coffee - Meni kofeyimda shakar yetarli emas. — "To" bilan kelishi. • It is too cold to go out - Hozir tashqariga chiqqani o'ta sovuq. — "For" bilan kelishi: • These shoes are too big for me - Anavi oyoq kiyim menga juda katta. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • There is too much rain. • The shoes are too big for him. • There is too much sugar on it. • There are too many people here. • It's too loud. • I'm too tired. • I ate too much. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 170 • The hat is too big for her. • It's a small house, too small for a large family. • I'm too tired to work. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 87, 88: word order (1, 2) — Ingliz tilida gap tuzish uchun so'zlarning tartibiga rioya qilish shart. Gapdagi so'zlarning joylashuvi quyidagi tartibda bo'ladi. 1.Subject - ega. Gapning bosh bo'lagi. Gap asosan kim yoki nima haqida ketoyotgan bo'lsa o'sha egadir. 2.Verb - fe'l. Harakatni ifodalovchi so'z. 3.Object - to'ldiruvchi. Subjectning harakatini to'ldiruvchi so'z. — Uchchalasi doim shu tartibda bo'ladi. Qo'shimcha so'zlar ulardan keyin yoziladi. • Bobur reads a book evary day - Bobur har kuni kitob o'qiydi. (Bu gapda Bobur - subject, reads - verb, a book - object) — Ulardan so'ng joy va vaqtni anglatuvchi so'zlar kelishi mumkin. — Eslab qolamiz, doim joyni bildiruvchi so'z vaqtni bildiruvchi so'zdan oldin keladi. Har ikkalasi ham subject, verb va objectlardan keyin keladi. • We arrived to the airport at 7 o'clock - Biz aeroportga soat yettida yetib keldik. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 171 — So'zlarning joylashuvini eslab qoling. • I had my breakfast in the garden this morning - Men bu tongda nonushtamni bog'da qildim. — I - subject, had - verb, my breakfast - object, in the garden - place (joy), this morning - time (vaqt). — Bulardan birorta so'zning o'rni almashib qolsa, biri boshqasidan oldin qo'yilib qolsa, gap xato tuzilgan bo'ladi. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: •Jill reads a newspaper every day. • You speak English very well. • I watched television all evening. • We invited a lot of people to the party. • My brother phoned the police immediately. • George walks to work every morning. • I usually go to bed early. • They go to school every day • I went to bank yeterday afternoon. • We arrived at the airport at 7 o'clock. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 172 UNIT 89: still / yet — Ikkala so'z bir xil - "haliyam" degan ma'noni bildiradi. Lekin ikkalasi boshqa- boshqa holatlarda ishlatiladi. — O'tgan zamonda bo'layotgan hodisa hozir ham davom etayotganini bildirish uchun "still" so'zini ishlatamiz. • It is still raining now - Hozir haliyam yomg'ir yog'yapdi. • I had a lot to eat but I'm still hungry - Men ko'p ovqat yedim, lekin men haliyam ochman. Savol berishga misol. • Are you still a student - Siz haliyam talabamisiz? — Xuddi shu ma'nodagi gaplarni inkor shaklida "yet" so'zini ishlatamiz. Bu so'z har doim gapning oxirida keladi. • Has it stopped raining yet - Yomg'ir haliyam to'xtamadimi? • It hasn't stopped raining yet - Yomg'ir haliyam to'xtamayapdi. • He hasn't gone yet - U haliyam ketmadi. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • She's still at home. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 173 • It is still raing now. • They are still waiting for Bill. • He isn't here yet. • I don't know yet. • I haven't read it yet. • Has it stopped raiging yet? • She hasn't gone yet. • I'm still eating. • She's still here. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 90: Give me that book! Give it to me. — Ko'proq quyidagi so'zlar bugungi darsimizga oid bo'ladi Give - bermoq Lend - qarzga bermoq Pass - uzatmoq Send - jo'natmoq Show - ko'rsatmoq — Bermoq, jo'natmoq, ko'rsatmoq kabi ma'nodagi gaplar ikki xil tuziladi 1.Bobur gave key to his mother - Bobur kalitni onasiga berdi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 174 2.Bobur gave his mother a key - Bobur onasiga kalitni berdi. — Ikkala gap ham to'g'ri tuzilgan. Birinchi ko'rinishda "to" ishlatiladi, ikkinchi ko'rinishda ishlatilmaydi. — Xuddi shu shaklda Boburning o'rniga I, we, you, they, it, onasini o'rniga me, us, them, her, him, kalitni o'rniga xohlagan predmetni qo'yib gap tuzishingiz mumkin. — Faqat berilgan narsa gapda oluvchidan oldin kelsa "to" ishlatiladi. Aksincha bo'lsa "to" qo'yilmaydi. — Savol berish uchun gapning boshida are you, can you, did you kabilarni qo'yish mumkin. — Odatda quyidagi ikki xil ko'rinishdan birinchisi qulayroq hisoblanadi, ikkinchi ko'rinish ham to'g'ri bo'lsada kam ishlatiladi. 1.I gave it to her - Men uni unga berdim 2.I gave her it - Men unga uni berdim. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • I gave the money to Jack. • I gave Jack the money. • That book is mine. Give it to me. • Can you give it to me? • I lent mu car to a friend of mine. • You showed them to us. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 175 • Give me that book. • Tom gave his mother some flowers. • Can you pass me the salt please? • Can you give him the letter? Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! |
