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- “The Ideas By Which The Young Generation Is Inspired Today”
15 full encouragement to pursue our revival and has helped convince us that we are moving in the proper and necessary direction. What precisely are we trying to achieve? We wish to live our proper tradi tion — that of Eastern Rite Catholics. Our roots are Eastern; our spirituality is Eastern. It is important for our souls and the Church that we remain Eastern. We are not here searching unusual recognition, nor selfish worldliness, but desire only to follow our own heritage. To be Eastern is not necessarily to be Orthodox. One can be Oriental Rite Catholic, just as Latin Rite Catholic. We are Oriental Rite. This is our heritage. Our existence as both truly Catholic and truly Eastern is the best proof of the universality of Christ’s divinely established Church. As the Eastern Catholic Church, we faithful are deeply concerned about our Eastern Orthodox brothers, who would welcome some overdue clarification from us. To them we “Uniates” are an ecclesiological anomaly. To them we are Latins in Eastern dress because we belong to the western Patriarchate of Rome. To them we are not a fully-fledged Eastern Rite Church in communion with Rome. They consider us to be simply an Eastern Rite local group sub ject to the Latin Rite Church. Eastern ecclesiology finds it difficult to com prehend such a combination. We Catholic Easterners feel very uncomfortable in this present situation. Instead of our giving full witness to the universality of the Catholic Church of Christ, we Eastern Catholics, according to the opinion of many Christians, are a hindrance to the further witness of our Orthodox brothers in Christ. And indeed we are treated as such. Let us not forget that the Orthodox East, today not yet in union with the Holy Roman See, is certainly desirous of reestablishing perfect communion with all Christians. We Catholics will some day be called to render an account of our Catholicity and our true universality. The members of this Synod who were privileged to participate in the Ecu menical Council 20 years ago will remember how my immediate predecessor of blessed memory, Yosyf Cardinal Slipyj, had asked of the Council on October 11, 1963, that our Church be recognized as one of the Eastern Patriarchates on historical, cannonical, ecumenical and pastoral grounds. The Council in its decree for Eastern Churches has made provision for such recognition (cf. No. 11). However, in the last 20 years nothing has been done to proceed accord ingly. We find this very discouraging and strange. If the reasoning be a fear of offending existing patriarchates, one is overlooking far weightier reasons. Namely, that the establishment of patriarchates in the Eastern Churches, which are already by their size and organization ready for that, is required by sound ecumenism and most of all by very practical and pastoral reasons, such as assuring to the faithful the reality of worldwide unity, no matter where fate may have forced them to settle away from their homeland, and of pastoral needs and care to which they are accustomed and for which they do have a right, especially in the modern world. More than a hundred years ago Popes Gregory XVI and Pius IX in the years 1843-1853 desired to proclaim a Ukrain ian Patriarchate, for even then our Church was at the danger point of destruc tion by the Russian Empire. But it seems that Christ Himself planned to save this decisive action for the first Pope from a Slavic nation to make such a reward ing proclamation, and this on the eve of the Millennium Jubilee of Ukraine’s acceptance of Christianity under the reign of St. Volodymyr the Great. Though 16 Svyatoslav Karavansky Exploitation of Slave Labour in the Economy of the USSR (Eyewitness accounts) Introduction As a former long-term prisoner of the Soviet Russian Gulag, I am well aware of the fact that the labour of prisoners is being exploited, on a large scale, in many different branches of the national economy of the Soviet Union. These branches of industry comprise of the fol lowing: The Forestry Industry; the Min ing Industry; the Heavy, the Chemical and Cellulose Industries; the Light In dustry; and the Food Industry. Apart from my own personal observa tions, this paper is based on the testimonies of other former prisoners of the Gulag, and also on materials from the Research Cen ter for Prisons, Psychiatric Prisons and Forced Labour Camps in the USSR, which have been published in a book by Avra- ham Shifrin, entitled “The First Guide book to Prisons and Concentration Camps of the Soviet Union”. Every definite ac count is backed by the relevant sources of information or else bears the name of the particular witness. All addresses, regardless of their sources, have been thoroughly checked and corrected for the publication of the “List of Political Prisoners in the USSR” (Edition No. 5, 1. 5. 1983). The Forestry Industry During the last 60 years the Soviet Forestry Industry has widely exploited slave labour and continues to do so today. I was personally involved in tree felling in the Irkutsk Region, in the following camps of the Ozerlag complex: camp 307 (Ir kutsk Region, Bratsk District, village of Anzyoba, No. UK-272/307); camp 018 (Irkutsk Region, village of Vykhorevka, No. UK-272/018); and also camps 041 and 034. From conversations with other prison ers I discovered that prisoners, engaged in the felling of trees in the Soviet Union, also work in camps of the Kitoylag com plex (Irkutsk Region), the Ust’-Vymlag complex (Komi Autonomous SSR), in the Dubrovlag complex (Mordovian ASSR), the Sevurallag and Ivdil’lag complexes (Sverdlovsk Region), the Viatlag complex (Kirov District), in the Kraslag complex (Krasnoyarsk Territory), and in the Oneg- lag, Kargopollag and the Sol’lag com plexes (Archangel’sk Region). From these areas the Soviet Union ex ports a large quantity of wood fibre to the Free World. There are literally dozens of eyewit ness accounts about the existence of these camps. Here is, for example, one such ac count. A letter written by two prisoners, N. Akhmatov and V. M. Khalenko, dated September, 1978, which was published on pages 151 and 152 of “Kontinent” (The Continent), No. 24, 1980, states the existence of camp No. 016 of the Kraslag complex, which produces wood fibre for export, and gives the address as: Krasno yarsk Territory, Uyarsk District, Gro- mydsk Station, No. UP-288/016. Thus, a major part of the Soviet wood industry, including the furniture industry, our Church has been severely persecuted, God has helped us remain His, as a firm Eastern and Catholic entity — sui iuris — with its own synodal body in communion with Peter. For these reasons I now repeat the request of my predecessor, in the name of our entire ecclesial community. Namely, that the Ukrainian Catholic Church be accorded the status of a Patriarchate, according to the tradition of the East and the spiritual needs of its faithful, now and in the future. 17 the production of building materials, the paper industry, the cellulose industry and a large part of the chemical industry, and also the house-building industry, makes use of raw materials supplied by slave labour. The wood products industry equally exploits slave labour. I personally worked in camp 019 of the Ozerlag complex, which served a large wood products factory (Irkutsk Region, Chunsk District, Chuna Station, No. UK-272/019), then in camp 025 of the Ozerlag complex (Ir kutsk Region, Tayshetsk District, town of Tayshet, No. UK-272/025), and also in a furniture factory in camp No. Oil of the Dubrovlag complex (Mordovian ASSR, Zubovo-Poliansk District, Yavas Settle ment, No. Zhkh-385/011). Based on information supplied by former prisoners in the Soviet Union, re gistered by the Research Centre for Pri sons in the USSR, the following examples can be given: South of Syktyvkar there is a camp called Kobra, with a population of 2000. Here prisoners manufacture plywood for export. In camp 64/021, in Bekabad (Uzbek SSR), 1600 prisoners work in a wood products factory which manufactures planks. The address of this camp is: Uz bek SSR, Tashkent District, town of Be kabad, No. UYa-64/021. There are also two camps, each hous ing some 2500 prisoners who provide the work force for a plywood and wood products factory situated in Vologda. [Witness: Avraham Shifrin (Israel).] The Mining Industry The Soviet economy also exploits pris oners in the mining industry, especially in mines which extract coal, gold, ura nium, copper, chrome, nickel, molybdenum and diamonds. I myself worked in a gold mine named after Matrosov (Magadan Region, Ten’- kynsk Borough, Matrosov Settlement, No. 261/01). This camp forms part of the Berlag complex, which consists of about 50 camps. Apart from the Berlag complex, the Maglag, also consisting of 50 sites, con centrated on gold mining as well. The Matrosov mine extracted gold ore which was then enriched in a special factory also named after Matrosov. Presently the Matrosov mine does not exploit the la bour of prisoners, but in the Magadan Region prisoners still work in the gold mines of Yagoda, Susuman, Orotukan, Palatka, Vyetreno, the Budenny and Ti moshenko mines and also other places. / Witnesses: Mytsio and S. Karavansky (USA).] Gold for the state treasury of the So viet Union is extracted in Bodaybo (Ir kutsk Region), where the prisoners who work in the gold mines are confined in three camps. [Witness: A. Shifrin (Israel).] Slave labour is also indispensable in the extraction of diamonds. In the main centre of diamond mining, the town of Myrno (Tyumen Region), camps do not really exist. Instead, prisoners are burden ed with the polishing of diamonds. In the town of Solekhard (Tyumen Region) there are two camps each housing 2500 pris oners who work on the polishing of diamonds designed for export to shops, called “Russian Gems”. [Witness: A. Shifrin (Israel).] The work of prisoners is also exploited in the molybdenum, manganese, chrome and nickel mines in Norilsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory) and the uranium mines situated in the vicinity of many towns, including Rakhov in Ukraine. In the northern part of the Komi ASSR, in the Vorkutlag and Rechlag complexes (Inta), prisoners extract coal. The individual mines where the prisoners work are scattered throughout the whole Soviet Union. For example, according to details issued by the Research Centre for Prisons, in Chornogorsk (Krasnoyarsk 18 Territory), 6000 prisoners work in the mines; in Temirtau (Kemerovo Region), 800 prisoners extract coal: in Shakhty (Rostov Region), 300 prisoners work in the mine. The address of this latter camp is: Rostov Region, town of Shakhty, No. UCh-398/09. In Novoshakhtynsk (Ros tov Region), 1500 prisoners work in the coal mines. Address: Rostov Region, town of Novoshakhtynsk, No. UCh-398/011. According to the details provided by the Research Centre, prisoners work in the extraction of oil and gas in the fol lowing areas of the Soviet Union: Apsheronsk, Khadyzhensk and Nefte- horsk stations (Krasnoyarsk Territory); the villages of Negotka, ParabeF and Kolpashevo (Tyumen Region), together — 4000 prisoners; the town of Serafimo vich (Volgograd Region); the towns of Krasny Khudyk, Syeroglazovka and Do- sang (Astrakhan Region); the towns of Krasnodovsk, Cheleken, Nebit-Dag (Turkmen SSR); the towns of Shchekino and Lypky (Tula Region), where 3000 prisoners work in the extraction of gas. In the town of Kitsany (Moldavian SSR), 1000 prisoners extract marble. [Witness: A. Shifrin (Israel).] The Heavy, Chemical, and Cellulose Industries In the Soviet economic system it is very convenient to exploit the work of prisoners to carry out manual labour in heavy in dustry. In this way, prisoners from camp 010 of the Dubrovlag complex (Mordo vian ASSR, Zubovo-Poliansk Region, No. ZhKh-385/010) assemble car radiators for the “Moskvich” plant in Moscow. [Witness: S. Karavansky (USA).] Apart from this, I know of the fact that on Stryj Street in Lviv there exists camp No. 048 (Lviv, No. VL-315/048), where prisoners manufacture motorised farming machines. The Research Centre for Prisons in the USSR also holds information about the following.camps: camp 62/04 (Gorky City, No. UZ-62/04), where prisoners work in the harmful conditions of an enamel workshop in a car plant; camp 62/012 (Gorky Region, town of Bor, No. UZ-62/ 012), where prisoners work in a factory which manufactures plastic and glass; camp 154/012 (Volgograd Region, town of Volzhsk, No. YaR-154/012), where 1200 prisoners work in a tractor plant; camp 15/02 (Byelorussian SSR, town of Bob- ruysk, No. UZh-15/02), where 1000 pris oners work in a car type factory; Minsk (Mohylivsk highway) — near the bus sta tion “Severny Poselok” there is a new pris on for women, who work in the Minsk car plant; camp 48/09 (Chelyabinsk Re gion, town of Bakal, No. YaV-48/09), where 1800 prisoners manufacture metal workbenches; the town of Soroky (Mol davian SSR), where 1000 prisoners manu facture superphospate; the town of Novaya Lialia (Sverdlovsk Region), where 1000 prisoners from camp USh-349/041 work in a paper manufacturing factory. [Witness: A. Shifrin (Israel).] The Light Industry In the light industry slave labour is ex ploited very readily for the manufacture of various goods of wide use. Personally I worked in camp 385/1 (Mordovian ASSR, Zubovo-Poliansk Region, Sosnovka sta tion, No. ZhKh-385/01). In the area of the camp there was a polishing workshop where the glass parts of electric mirrors were polished. This used to be worked by political prisoners and exists to this day, but is presently worked by ordinary pris oners. I also worked in a furniture factory in camp 385/011 (Mordovian ASSR, Zu bovo-Poliansk Region, Yavas station, No. ZhKh-385/011). This factory functions today as well, and is worked by prisoners. At the Yavas station I also worked in a tailoring factory in camp 385/04 (Mor dovian ASSR, Yavas station, No. ZhKh- 385/04). Presently, women prisoners work in this factory making uniforms for the militia, railwaymen and others. 19 In camp 385/03 designated for women political prisoners (Mordovian ASSR, Ten’- gushevsk Region, Barashevo station, No. ZhKh-385/03), women make gloves which are later issued as specialised items of clothing throughout the whole Soviet Union. [Witness: N. Strokata (USA).] This same witness testifies to the existence of a women’s camp in Rostov (Rostov Re gion, town of Rostov, Tunel’naya Street, No. UCh-398/190), where women work in a packing factory. From conversations with other prisoners during rest stops I became aware of the fact that in camp 385/019 (Mordovian ASSR, Zubovo-Poliansk Region, Lesnoe settlement, No. ZhKh-385/019), prisoners manufacture and polish watch cases for the Serdobsky watch factory. The products of this factory are exported to England. [Witnesses: Y. Vudka (Israel), K. Lubarsky (Munich), M. Budulak-Sharygin (England).] In the town of Vladimir, in prison No. 2 (Vladimir, No. Od-l/ST-02), prisoners used to work and still work in the cells where they eat and sleep, assembling triodes and resistors (radio components) for the Second Moscow radio factory. In addition, inmates of the same prison punch out zip pers and electrical components. [Witness: S. Karavansky (USA).] From what different prisoners have told me, I also know of the Chystopol’ prison (422950, Tatar ASSR, town of Chystopol’, No. UZ-148-ST-04). Here prisoners as semble wrist watches and alarm clocks in their cells. A camp for women and children is situated in the Odessa prison (290059, Odessa-59, No. YuG-311/076). The women work in a textile factory and the children manufacture metal goods of everyday use. 1500 prisoners from camp VL-315/030 on Shevchenko Street in Lviv work in a furni ture factory. In Leningrad, prisoners work in a cardboard factory which manufactures boxes for the shoe company “Skorokhod”. The number of the prison is IZ-45/01. In camp Metallostroy (Leningrad Re gion) prisoners manufacture locks and mat tress springs. In camps Ulianovka and Volkhov, 1200 men and 1500 women work in tailoring factories. Another camp with 3000 prisoners who work in a furniture factory, is situated near the bus stop “Pro- tezny zavod” in Minsk. On Bokhoversk Street in Bobruysk (Byelorussia), there is a children’s colony. The children confined there manufacture furniture and cardboard packing boxes. In Orsha (Byelorussia) there are two camps UZh-15/012 and UZh-15/ 06, where prisoners manufacture metal cutlery. At Irpin’ (outside Kyiv), there is a camp which is designated for the manu facture of radio components. Two thousand prisoners work there. At Korosten’ (Ukraine), 2000 prisoners manufacture furniture and electrical tools. At Nyzhniy Tagil (Sverdlovsk Region), 800 prisoners manufacture items of everyday use, such as mattresses and locks, in camp UZh- 349/013. At Beyuk Shor (Azerbaijan SSR), in camp UA-38/06, 300 prisoners manufacture incrusted items, such as minia ture cases for jewelry products and the salon game “mesh-besh”, which are design ed for export. In camp YuI-78/02 at Ulianovsk, 600 women manufacture ferrite discs for a computer factory. In Novy Oskol (Belgo rod Region), 1000 women prisoners work in a textile factory in camp YuS-321/04. 1000 women from the camp at Novokuz netsk (Kemerovo Region), work in a knit ting factory. In Garku (near Tallin, Estonia), 300 women prisoners manufacture buttons. And finally in Rzhev (Kalinin Region), 500 prisoners from the severe re gime prison in the area, assemble electrical switches and knife-switches in their cells. [Witness: A. Shifrin (Israel).] The Food Industry On the island of Shykotyn (Kuril Is lands), 6000 women prisoners work in a canning factory which manufactures cans and packs red caviar. [Witness: A. Shifrin] 20 AF ABN Conference, New York, May 18 and 19, 1985 Youth Panel: “The Ideas By Which The Young Generation Is Inspired Today” Introductory Remarks by Oksana Dackiw (USA) — moderator. Our youth panel, composed of representatives from numerous countries of the world, will be addressing the issue of ideals and interests of the young generation, both in the Free World and behind the Iron Curtain. It is our task this afternoon to illuminate the fundamental values which determine the life-styles and world views of youth on various continents — those values which guide them towards their personal goals and which help establish the aspirations of their respective nations. As member nations or supporters of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations, our primary concern is to counteract and defeat the aggressive politico-ideologi cal activity of the Soviet Union. Modern Russian warfare is not only based on traditional military strength but on psychological methods to achieve specific aims. Through politico-ideological means, Moscow seeks to achieve the social disintegration of Western and other nations; the undermining of their moral values; the discrediting of patriotism, of national traditions, of a heroic ideal in life; the defamation of national historical figures; the disintegration of the family as the basis of the moral and biological strength of a nation; and the propagation of atheism. Most recently, Moscow has sought to manipulate mem bers of Western peace movements into taking hard anti-American and anti military positions. There is much evidence to show that Moscow has been unsuccessful in sup pressing the quest for freedom and justice in the subjugated nations. The van guard of this movement for freedom has been the young generation. Young freedom fighters in these nations have rejected Soviet ideas and values and have maintained their national-cultural traditions, religious beliefs, a sense of heroism, patriotism, idealism, and morality. Two elements in particular have given these young nationalists their strength to carry on in the struggle for independence: national-patriotism and religion. No one individual illustrates this point more heroically or forcefully than Yurij Shukhevych — a Ukrainian imprisoned in the Soviet Union since his early adolescence who has become an example for all youth and a symbol of the undying struggle for freedom. President Reagan specifically mentioned Yurij Shukhevych in his proclamation for Captive Nations Week in 1984 as the imprisoned Ukrainian patriot — an example of the countless victims and lonely heroes of the subjugated nations. Perhaps the words of Shukhevych best express the deep conviction of a freedom fighter and give us an understanding of the ceaseless determination which allows the individual to continue fighting in the face of years and years of hardship, illness, and finally blindness. Shukhevych once said the following: “Fate has not been very good to me and in the end I have lost my eyesight. But I do not regret that this has happened so I do not envy anyone. Because Download Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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