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42 (1783) which placed East Georgia under Tsarist suzerainty. c) Guram GOGBAIDZE (35 years) Deputy Director of Rustavi Technical and Professional College. The three of them established contact with students, who helped them to dis tribute leaflets against the Bicentenary celebrations of the Treaty of Georgievsk, calling for the liberation of Georgia (Dis tributions in Tbilisi, Gori, Rustavi and other Georgian cities.) The three leaders of the Organisation were tried and sentenced by the Supreme Court of the Georgian SSR, on 15 Febru ary 1984, (under art. 71 of the Georgian Criminal Code): — Zakariah LASHKARASHVILI: 5 years strict regime, 2 years exile. — Tariel GVINIASHVILI: 4 years strict regime. — Guram GOGBAIDZE: 4 years strict regime. Trial of other members is expected. 5. Persecution and arrest of students who had gathered in the courtyard of Tbilisi University, on 18 May 1980, to present to Shervardnadze a petition ‘DEMANDS OF THE GEORGIAN PEOPLE” in 6 pages, asking: a) To restore the Georgian language to a prominant role; b) Stop the persecution of Georgians in the Abkhaz ASSR and in the Saingilo Province of Azerbaidjan SSR; c) Allow the deported Meskhetians to resettle in Georgia; d) Transfer elsewhere the artillery firing range, which is destroying the an cient Georgian monastery complex of David Garedja; e) Stop the persecution of religious be lievers, and re-open the churches; f) Release Nikoloz Samkharadze on medical grounds. The following students who were car rying the petition were arrested: Tamara CHKHEIDZE, Marina KOSHKADZE, Nana KAKABADZE, and school-leaver Marina BAGDAVADZE. smmsm Increasing Persecution of Catholics As if in rebuttal to optimistic reports from some visitors to the Soviet Union that freedom of religion seems to be in creasing, Catholics of Soviet Lithuania are complaining of increased persecution. The latest complaints appear in the "Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Lithuania” No. 63, which has just been received in the West after being smuggled out of the USSR. The underground publication has been documenting human rights violations in Lithuania by the So viet authorities since 1972. “Today, the atheists are trying to push back the religious revival of the nation more or less twenty years. The most zeal ous priests of Lithuania, Alfonsas Sva- rinskas and Sigitas Tamkevicius, have been arrested and tried,” the Chronicle reports. Both priests were handed ten- year sentences for religious activities last year. “They are trying to crush the catechiz ing of children directed by the priests, to forbid children to serve at Mass and to make priests ask permission to invite this or that priest for religious celebrations. The KGB is trying to interfere in elections to Priests’ Councils and especially to see that their own hand-picked candidates become consultors. It is trying in every way possible to reduce the effect of cele brations and commemorations at the great shrines of Lithuania. For example, Commissioner for Re ligious Affairs, Petras Anilionis, is terroriz ing Bishop Antanas Vaicius of Telsiai in an attempt to prevent the announcement of a priests’ day at Zemaiciu Kalvarija, and to prevent the bishop and priests from making the Way of the Cross to gether with the people. Allegedly, this is 43 a branch of the law regarding Religious Associations. “Priests are allowed to pray only in their own parishes, and they are strictly forbidden to make the Way of the Cross with the people. ‘Let the people make the Way of the Cross themselves,’ and when they do make it themselves, the atheists will be more encouraged to make use of extreme measures.” mmm Yurij Badzio’s Life at Stake “I appeal to your scholarly conscience, to your professional virtue, to your social consciousness. The present historiographic situation of the Ukrainian nation, the present state of affairs in the field of So viet historiography of Ukrainian history fully corresponds to such an emotionally elevated introduction. I am referring to the subordination and inequality of the Ukrainian nation in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics...” With these words Yurij Badzio begins his “Open letter”, written in February 1979, to Ukrainian and Russian historians in defence of the historical truth of the Ukrainian nation. Today, 6 years later, it is necessary in a similar way to appeal with passion and decisiveness to the con science, virtue and consciousness of the world, to the responsible influential spheres of world public opinion in the defence and salvation of the author of the above quoted lines. News has reached the West that 48 year-old Yurij Badzio, a defender of human and national rights of Ukraine, a prisoner of Mordovian concentration camps is threatened by premature death. Analogically to his words one can as sert that the present situation of this Ukrainian political prisoner, his present state of health (contagious tuberculosis), “unjust”, or rather negligent and brutal treatment of Ukrainian political prisoners in the concentration camps and prisons in the USSR (the premature deaths of O. Tykhyj, Y. Lytvyn and V. Marchenko last year) — all correspond to the most ardent appeals and diverse actions in defence of Yurij Badzio. In the German edition of Y. Badzio’s “Open letter”, which was published by the Ukrainian Institute for Education in Munich, the editors give the following description of his life: “Yurij Badzio’s name can be found on the long list of such representatives of the Ukrainian intelligentsia who, from 1972, have been victims of brutal persecution because of their scholarly work which contradicts the officially imposed directives and doctrines. Badzio, who is a literary expert in his scientific career, had already established himself as a scholar in the In stitute of Literature at the Academy of Science in Kyiv and, as early as 1965 raised his voice in protest against arrests which had been politically motivated. Later on his life passes in accordance with the same immovable and stricken scheme, which is designated for all those people who dare to raise their voices against the arbitrary regime, against the subordination of education with political and ideologic al aims, against contempt of national, human and political rights of the indi vidual and nations in the USSR, which result in: the expulsion from the Com munist Party, loss of work, police search of one’s home, arrests and interrogation, the fabrication of the trial accusation, a closed trial, sentence, penal camp or pri son, deportation...” One has only to add: And death! Pre mature and unnatural death in the con centration camp, as we have seen in recent cases of Ukrainian political prisoners. “And once again” — we read in a Munich newspaper ‘Die Süddeutsche Zei tung’ — “another political prisoner finds himself in danger of his life because he has been refused all medical aid. The re 44 ference here is to a Ukrainian literary historian and poet Yurij Badzio, a hono rary member of the International Pen Club, who is serving a 12-year sentence in the Mordovian camp of Barashevo 385/3-5. Here Badzio fell ill with con tagious tuberculosis for which he is re ceiving no medical treatment. He is also suffering from a stomach complaint, can not eat the bad camp food and as a result, by 1983 looked like nothing more than skin and bones. In 1979 he was sentenced in Kyiv for ‘anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda’, as an extensive manuscript on the russification of Ukraine had been found in his possession. Badzio did not only strongly reproach the russification methods in Ukraine. He openly spoke about the Russian occupa tion of Ukraine and stressed the right of the Ukrainian nation for a liberation struggle. He bravely revealed “Russian internationalism” as “Russian chauvinism, which, having created a horror-myth about so-called ‘Ukrainian bourgeois na tionalism’, has already for several decades led a real psychological war against the Ukrainian nation, against Ukrainian na tional consciousness, which is accompanied by physical repressions against nationally conscious Ukrainians. If the separation of Ukraine from Russia and the demand for a Ukrainian state independent from Rus sia is called a nationalist idea, then what more can one say? Did not Ukraine sepa rate itself from Russia? Has the Ukrain ian nation no right for its own indepen dent state?” This is a clear, unequivocal and un compromising stand by an individual, who regards the Ukrainian matter, not only from a position of an ‘anti-regimist’ or ‘dissident’, but clearly takes up a po sition of state. Neither a change in the regime, nor the démocratisation or libera lisation of domestic relations in a colonial empire are capable of guaranteeing the subjugated nations in the USSR, and this includes Ukraine, the right to existence and a life of freedom. This is only pos sible in a free and independent nation. This same idea can also be found in Badzio’s statement regarding the genocidal famine: “This coming spring half a century will have passed since our nation experienced probably the most horrific tragedy in its recent history — the artificially created famine of 1933. It is believed that 6-8 million Ukrainians starved to death as a result of this famine. I say ‘it is believed’ because there is no mention of this in any Soviet literature, be it scholarly or publi cists... this event has become a political taboo... Let us note that the political logic for ‘exposing’ the 1933 famine does not formally create an obstacle, for Stalinism — the true executer of this tragedy — has already been condemned.” Badzio consciously provokes the present regime, being fully aware that Stalinism has indeed been ‘condemned’, yet con tinues to exist just the same, as we can see from Badzio’s own fate. The present physical destruction of the Ukrainian na tionally conscious intelligentsia or the present genocide in Afghanistan differs from the raging terror of the 1930s only in the craftiness of methods. However, the cynical contempt of the rulers in the empire for the right of the individual and nations to exist has in no way changed. The abnormal understanding of lawful relations in the state has not changed, where, be it in Stalin’s, Andropov’s or Chernenko’s era, the individual and na tions are forbidden everything which is clearly allowed by law, yet the state author ities are allowed everything which is official ly forbidden and condemned. This relates in particular to the subjugated nations. This is exactly what Yurij Badzio is courageously fighting against, and there fore, not only is he being persecuted, but also physically destroyed. ( 45 R e v i e w s Muslims Under the Czars and the Soviets In his book, Prof. J. G. Tiwari narrates the story of the conquest of countries in habited by Muslim nationalities by the Czars, the political, cultural and economic life of these people under them, the ef forts made by them to overthrow the Rus sian domination soon after the October Revolution and the conquest of their lands by the Bolsheviks. It deals extensively with the growth of political, social and eco nomic institutions in Central Asia since the advent of Communist rule as well as the party set-up of the Soviet regime which go to show the means adopted by Russia for subjugation and Russification of these nationalities. It explores in depth the social composition of the Communist Party and Soviet administrative cadres to show how Central Asian Muslims have been deliberately kept educationally back ward, away from the leverage of economic and political power, and have always re mained bogged down in the collective Survival is Very few people in the West understand the true nature of the Soviet Union. Fewer still are aware of the threat that the Soviet Union represents to the world. In his book Survival is Not Enough Richard Pipes, a professor of history at Harvard University who in 1981-82 served as Di rector of East European and Soviet Af fairs in the National Security Council, explains both the nature of the Soviet Union and the global threat it poses. Pipes’ work begins with the contention that the foreign policy of every country is related to its domestic conditions and an extension of its internal policies. In Pipes’ own words: “The manner in which farms. The work, thus, exposes the coloni al character of Communist Russia, its op pressive mentality and diabolical means adopted to deprive the oppressed of such human rights as to maintain social, cul tural and spiritual life of its choice, free dom of conscience, expression and associa tion, etc. It presents in detail the struggle of Islam as a faith and religious establish ment against the Soviet government right upto the eighties, which began soon after the October Revolution. In this way, the work unfolds an important aspect of the long-drawn and, in the present context, the vitally important conflict between Moscow and Mecca which lies at the root of super-powers’ conflict. “Muslims under the Czars and the So viets” by Prof. J. G. Tiwari, published by the Academy of Islamic Research and Publications, P. O. Box No. 119, Nadwa- tul-Ulama, Lucknow-226007, India. 1984. Price: Rs. 60.00. Not Enough a government treats its own citizens ob viously has great bearing on the way it will treat other nations. A regime that does not respect legal norms inside its borders is not likely to show respect for them abroad. If it wages war against its own people it can hardly be expected to live at peace with the rest of the world.” Pipes then goes on to explain the com munist system beginning briefly with a historical background pointing out the expositionist character of the Russian state which has always enhanced and preserv ed its might. In the second part of the chapter Pipes explains how a predominant ly Russian communist party elite, which 46 he calls the “nomenklatura”, rules the Soviet Russian empire much the same way the autocrats did before the 1917 revolu tion. After describing the Stalinist economic system he moves on to the predominant theme of the book, the nature of Soviet Rus sian imperialism. Russian imperialism is unique in that it was never a temporary phase as in other countries, but constant. The second point is that these territorial acquisitions were always military in nature. Thirdly, the conquest of foreign lands was usually followed by the colonization of Russian settlers. Significantly, the author dismisses claims by other Russian “ex perts” that this expansion was really due to anxieties aroused by foreign invasions. Pipes’ observation is “...that far from being the victim of recurrent acts of ag gression Russia has been engaged for the past three hundred years with singlemind- ed determination in aggressive wars, and if anyone has reason for paranoia it would have to be its neighbors. In the 1890s the Russian General Staff carried out a comprehensive study of the history of Russian warfare since the foundation of the state. In the summary volume, the editor told his readers that they could take pride in their country’s military re cord... between 1700 and 1870. Russia had spent 106 years fighting 38 military campaigns of which 36 had been “offen sive” and a mere two defensive. This authoritative tabulation should dispose of the facile theory that Russian aggression is a defensive reflex.” The author continues to offer better explanations of Russian expansionism which take into account economic, geo graphic and political factors. It is the political factor which is central in under standing the essense of the book. The author contends that “Russian govern ments have always felt the need to solidify their internal position by impressing on the population the awe which they inspir ed in other nations... By inspiring respect in foreign governments, by bullying neigh bors, by undermining them and distri buting their lands and riches among her own subjects, Russian governments have historically enhanced their claims to le gitimacy and obedience... The poet Ler montov expressed well this sentiment when he had a Russian tell a Muslim of the Caucasus, whose land the Russians were about to conquer, that he would soon be proud to say, “Yes, I am a slave, but a slave of the tsar of the universe.” Com munist ideology and interests of the “no menklatura” have reinforced these expan sionist traditions, making Russian im perialism more aggressive and more per sistent than ever before.” The subsequent three chapters of the book which deal with the Russian threat, the economic and political crises, expand on this central theme of Russian imperial ism and contain rather interesting sections on various Russian strategies, party corrup tion, intellectual dissent and imperial problems. Of particular interest is a sub section dealing with the nationalities problem: “...there is strong evidence of persistent nationalism (among Ukrainians and Byelorussians), especially among the Ukrainians. With fifty million people, 86 percent of them (as of 1970) Ukrainian speaking, Ukraine is potentially a major European state. Its separation would not only deprive Russia of an important source of food and industrial products, but also cut it off from the Black Sea and the Balkans, for which reasons the ‘nomen klatura’ persecutes all manifestations of Ukrainian nationalism with especial sav agery.” Further on the author states, “unless history is to make a unique exception for the Russian Empire, leaving it intact while all other European empires have fallen apart, its future cannot be bright. It is impossible to justify to the Ukrain ians that Ireland, with three million in 47 habitants, should be a sovereign country whereas they, with 50 million have been condemned to remain forever a Soviet dependency...” Under the sub-section dealing with intellectual dissent the author points out that no kind of opposition is tolerated in the Soviet Union with only one excep tion — Russian nationalism. Pipes explains that although it might seem that Russian nationalism is opposed to Marxism-Leni nism, the relationship is as Pipes explains, “neither new nor casual... already by 1920 Lenin began to make tactical advances towards rightwing, nationalist groups ac tive at home and abroad”. Lenin had ap parently realized that democratic pro-so cialist and pro-Western forces in Russia were too weak to be counted on for any support, this was proved by the fact that the Bolsheviks had easily toppled the Provisional Government in 1917. How ever, the subsequent civil war with con servative and monarchist elements turned out to be long and costly. As the Bolshevik dream of the revolution spreading to other countries faded, Lenin decided to court his former enemies. Stalin too, realized the potential of appealing to Russian na- Download Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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