Hydrology as a science

8. OROL DENGIZ MUAMMOSI
Birinchi Prezidentimiz Islom Karimov oʻzining “Oʻzbekiston XXI asr boʻsagʻasida: Orol fojiasi, xavfsizlikka tahdid, barqarorlik shartlari va taraqqiyot kafolatlariga alohida eʼtibor qaratadi” deb taʼkidlagan edi: dengizning yuqoriga koʻtarilishi xavfli, oʻta oʻtkir muammo, aytish mumkinki, milliy halokatdir.Orol ​​dengizi inqirozi insoniyat tarixidagi eng katta ekologik va gumanitar fojialardan biridir.Dengiz havzasida yashovchi 35 millionga yaqin odam undan jabr koʻrdi.Biz 20-25 yil ichida dunyodagi eng katta yopiq suv havzalaridan biri yo'qolib borayotganiga guvoh bo'lmoqdalar. Ammo bir avlod nazarida butun bir dengizning nobud bo'lishi hech qachon sodir bo'lmagan. " Haqiqatan ham, aksariyat ko'llarning tabiiy gidrologik rejimi. yer yuzida inson xo’jalik faoliyati, ya’ni antropogen omillar ta’sirida keskin o’zgarishlar ro’y bermoqda.
Orol dengizi Oʻrta Osiyoning eng quyi qismida Qoraqum, Qizilqum, Ustyurt, Katta Borsik, Kichik Borsik choʻllarining qoʻshilgan joyida joylashgan. 1960-yillargacha u Oʻrta Osiyodagi eng katta yer maydoni va dunyoda Kaspiy dengizi, Shimoliy Amerikadagi Yuqori koʻl va Afrikadagi Viktoriya koʻlidan keyin toʻrtinchi oʻrinda turgan. Orol dengizi suv rejimini doimiy monitoring qilish 1911-yildan boshlab olib boriladi.Oʻsha yildan 1961-yilgacha boʻlgan 50 yillik davrda dengiz sathining oʻrtacha koʻp yillik mutlaq balandligi 53,04 metrni tashkil etdi.


9.RESERVOIRS
It is known that the amount of water in rivers varies from season to season throughout the year and from year to year. In the conditions of our country, during the seasons when the demand for water in agriculture increases, the water in many rivers and streams decreases sharply, and in some cases completely dries up. In such conditions, it is necessary to control the flow regime of rivers and streams in order to use them fully and efficiently. This problem will be solved by building artificial lakes-reservoirs on the rivers.
Construction of reservoirs is especially necessary in arid and agriculturally irrigated areas such as our country. In addition to providing water to crops, most reservoirs will be used for hydropower, fisheries development, large industrial enterprises and urban water supply.
Many reservoirs have been built on the globe. The largest reservoir in the world is the Owen Fols (Victoria) Reservoir, built on the Victoria-Nile River, located in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda. Its water capacity is 205 km3 (including Lake Victoria) and is designed to control the flow of the Nile River year after year. Russia’s Reservoirs such as Bratsk (Angara River), Krasnoyarsk (Yenisei River), Kuibyshev (Volga), and Bukhtarma (Irtysh) in Kazakhstan are the largest reservoirs not only in these countries, but also on the entire Eurasian continent.