"impact of european union public procurement legislation on the albanian public procurement system" republika e shqip
Download 5.49 Kb. Pdf ko'rish
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- 3/1) Financial dependency
- 3/2) Managerial dependency
- 3/3) Supervisory dependency
- 1.2.2 Economic Operators
- 1.2.2.1 Legal form of the economic operator
- 1.2.2.2 Group of economic operators
- 2015 45 1.2.3 Public fund
- 1.2.4 Public contracts
2015 41 - financial, - managerial, or - Supervisory. This condition is satisfied where only one of these three criteria is met 87 . 3/1) Financial dependency The term ‘financed for the most part’ means financed by ‘more than half’ 88 . However, the term ‘financed’ is not as clear as it seems. The question concerns the actual degree of state dependency implied by the level of state financing. Not all payments made by a contracting authority have the effect of creating or reinforcing a specific relationship of subordination or dependency between that authority and another body. Only payments that are made to finance or support the activities of the body concerned, without any specific consideration, may therefore be described as public financing 89 . The ECJ has also stated that the “financing” in question does not have to be direct. Thus in Case C-337/06, Bayerischer Rundfunk and others v GEWA Gesellschaft für Gebaüdereinigung und Wartung 90 the ECJ indicated that broadcasting authorities funded through a state-imposed license fee paid by all those with receivers, regardless of the actual broadcasting services each receives, is financed by the state. In the Cambridge case 91 , payments in the form of awards or grants for the support of research work made to the institution as a whole may be regarded as financing by a contracting authority. Similarly, the payment of student grants in respect of tuition fees collected by the universities may also be classified as public financing. Since there is no contractual consideration for those payments, they are not to be regarded as financing by a contracting authority in the context of its educational activities. On the other hand, the position is quite different in the case of payments made, in the form of consideration, by one or more contracting authorities for the supply of services comprising research work or for the supply of other services, such as consultancy or the organization of conferences. These ‘sources of financing’ are, in fact, sums paid by one or more contracting authorities as consideration for contractual services provided by the university, and it also does not matter that those activities of a commercial nature happen 87 See article 1(9)(c) of the Directive, which provides that: “…financed, for the most part, by the State, regional or local authorities, or other bodies governed by public law; or subject to management supervision by those bodies; or having an administrative, managerial or supervisory board, more than half of whose members are appointed by the State, regional or local authorities, or by other bodies governed by public law.” 88 See case C 380/98 (no. 47 above) para 33. 89 Ibid, at para 21. 90 See case C-337/06, Bayerischer Rundfunk and others v GEWA Gesellschaft für Gebaüdereinigung und Wartung [2007] ECR I-11173. The same position is held also in case C-300/07 Hans & Christophorus Oymanns GbR, Orthopädie Schuhtechnik v AOK Rheinland/Hamburg, ECR [2009]. 91 See footnote no. 47 above. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 42 to coincide with the teaching and research activities of the university. The contracting authority has in fact an economic interest in providing the service. 3/2) Managerial dependency This condition relates in effect to the direct participation of public authorities and officials in the management of the entity in question. In a sense, fulfillment of this condition represents the most common understanding of the idea of a state-owned and controlled enterprise 92 . The condition will be fulfilled, for example, where a body has been established by a government minister, where its memorandum and articles and any amendments must be approved by the minister, where the chairman and other directors are appointed and their remuneration determined by the minister, where the appointment of the body’s auditors must be approved by the minister, and where the body is obliged to comply with state policy and any ministerial directives with regard to the remuneration, allowances and conditions of employment of its employees 93 . 3/3) Supervisory dependency This condition goes further than mere general supervision of an administrative or financial nature, and it must give rise to a dependency on the public authorities equivalent to the dependency that exists whenever one of the other alternative criteria is fulfilled. Namely, an equivalent dependency exists whether the body in question is financed, for the most part, by the public authorities or whether the latter appoint more than half of the members of the body’s administrative, managerial or supervisory organs, thereby enabling the public authorities to influence the decisions of these organs in relation to public contracts 94 . In the Truley case 95 , the Court held that the criterion of managerial supervision is not satisfied in the case of mere review since, by definition, such supervision does not enable the public authorities to influence the decisions of the body in question in relation to public contracts. Where the supervision of the activities of the body exceeds that of a mere review, the position will be different. That could be the case, for example, where the public authorities supervise not only the annual accounts of the body but also its conduct from the point of view of proper accounting, regularity, economy, efficiency and expediency and where those public authorities are authorized to inspect the business premises and facilities of that body and to report the results of those inspections to a public authority that holds all of the shares in the body concerned. It is also appropriate to consider whether the various controls to which entities are subject render them dependent on the public authorities in such a way that the latter are able to influence the decisions of these bodies in relation to public contracts. It thus requires a degree of managerial 92 P. Trepte “Public Procurement in the EU - a practitioner’s Guide, Second Edition”, published by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2007, pg. 124, para 2.65. 93 See Case C-306/97 Connemara Machine Turf Co Ltd v Coillte Teoranta [1998] ECR I-8761. 94 See case C-237/99 Commission of the European Communities v French Republic [2001] ECR 939, paras 48 and 49. 95 See Case C-373/00 (no. 46 above). Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 43 supervision that permits the public authorities to influence or interfere with procurement procedures. 1.2.2 Economic Operators To make a public procurement procedure happen, two main stakeholders (parties) should be acting; a public buyer named as the contracting authority, on one side and a private provider, named as the economic operator, on the other side. The Albanian public procurement law does provide for a definition of the “economic operator’ concept 96 , which is as follows: ‘Contractor’, ‘supplier’ and ‘service provider’ means any natural or legal person or public entity or group of such persons and/or bodies, which offers on the market, respectively, the execution of works and/or a work, products or services. An ‘economic operator’ shall cover equally the concepts of contractor, supplier and service provider, without any kind of distinction. a) An economic operator, who has submitted a tender, shall be designated a ‘tenderer’. b) One, who has sought an invitation to take part in a restricted or negotiated procedure, shall be designated as a ‘candidate’. 97 1.2.2.1 Legal form of the economic operator As provided by Albanian procurement rules, an economic operator can be any natural or legal person or public entity or group of such persons and/or bodies, which offer on the market, respectively, the execution of works, products or services. This definition of the ‘economic operator’ concept clearly envisages both individuals (as natural persons) and companies (as legal persons 98 ). As it is clearly defined by the procurement rules, (both PPL and corresponding procurement Directives) public entities may also be tenderers and even the fact that they may benefit from the state aid does not preclude them from 96 See article 3, points 12 and 13 of PPL. 97 The same definition is provided by Directive 2004/18/EC in Art.1/8, which foresees that ‘The terms "contractor", "supplier" and "service provider" mean any natural or legal person or public entity or group of such persons and/or bodies, which offers on the market, respectively, the execution of works and/or a work, products or services. The term "economic operator" shall cover equally the concepts of contractor, supplier and service provider. It is used merely in the interest of simplification. An economic operator, who has submitted a tender shall be designated a "tenderer". One, which has sought an invitation to take part in a restricted or negotiated procedure or a competitive dialogue, shall be designated a "candidate".’ 98 According to the article 44/1, para 2 of the PPL and article 4/1, para 2 of the Directive 2004/18/EC “…in the case of public service and public works contracts as well as public supply contracts covering in addition services and/or siting and installation operations, legal persons may be required to indicate in the tender or the request to participate, the names and relevant professional qualifications of the staff to be responsible for the performance of the contract in question”. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 44 competing with other ‘private’ tenderers 99 . In some sectors, notably in respect of utilities activities, contracting entities are themselves actively involved in providing services as economic operators, regardless of whether they are simultaneously concerned with providing for needs in the general interest 100 . Many contracting authorities will also set up ‘private law’ companies either on their own, or jointly 101 with other contracting entities or with private parties 102 in order to provide specific services. A contracting authority and its ‘private law’ subsidiary, even when it is itself a body governed by public law and therefore a contracting authority in its own right, will almost invariably be independent legal persons. Consequently, in such situations contracts between them will be contracts falling within the scope of the Directive 103 . In such situations, it is imperative that the subsidiary can be classified as a tenderer for the purpose of the Directives 104 . 1.2.2.2 Group of economic operators The definition of the economic operators, as prescribed above includes the ‘group of natural of legal persons and/or bodies’. Procurement rules, except for the definition, explicitly provide 105 that groups of economic operators may submit tenders or put themselves forward as candidates. In order to submit a tender or a request to participate, the group of economic operators may not be required by the contracting authorities to assume a specific legal form; however, the group selected may be required to do so when it has been awarded the contract, to the extent that this change is necessary for the satisfactory performance of the contract 106 . 99 See case C-94/99 ARGE Gewässerschutz v Bundesministerium für Land-und-Forstwirtschaft [2000] ECR I-11037. 100 See case C-126/03 (no.56 above). 101 See case C-107/98 Teckal Srl v Comune di Viano and Azienda Gas-Acqua Consorziale (AGAC) di Regio Emilia [1999] ECR I -8121. 102 See case C-26/03 Stadt Halle and RPL Recyclingpark Lochau GmbH v Arbeitsgemeinschaft Thermische Restabfall-und Energieverwertungsanlage TREA Leuna (‘Stadt Halle’) [2005] ECR I-1. 103 See Case C-231-03 Consorzio Aziende Metano (Coname) v Padania Acque SpA (‘Coname’) [2005]. 104 P. Trepte “Public Procurement in the EU - a practitioner’s Guide, Second Edition”, published by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2007, pg. 324, para 6.08. 105 PPL in article 44/2 provides that “Groups of economic operators may submit tenders or put themselves forward as candidates….”. The same is provided by the Public Sector Directive in article 4/2. 106 This provision is according to the article 4/2 of the Directive 2004/18/EC while according to the article 44/2 of the Albanian PPL, in order to submit a tender or a request to participate, the group of economic operators should be required by the Contracting Authority to assume specific legal form, as provided in the secondary legislation. On the other hand, article 74 of the Decision of Council of Ministers No. 914, date 29.12.2014 “On approval of the public procurement rules”, explicitly provides for strict rules on how a joint group of economic operators should submit a tender, excluding from the right to participate as member of such a group, any economic operator, who does not intend to execute any part of the public contract. This stricter provision of the PPL is explained with the need of the contracting authority to put insurance mechanisms for the satisfactory performance of the contract, related with the legal and economic environment where this law is applied. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 45 1.2.3 Public fund Considering the fact that the Albanian public institutions and/or other entities, which fall under the provisions of the PPL, are eligible to and/or can profit funds from sources other than the state budget, such as for example international donors, PPL has explicitly provided for a definition of the ‘public fund’ notion 107 . According to the PPL, public fund means: a) Any monetary value of the State Budget determined to be used for public contracts; b) Any monetary value of the local budget determined to be used for public contracts; c) Aid or credit funds provided by foreign donors, based on international agreements, which do not require implementation of other procedures different from this law; d) Incomes from state, local enterprises, marketing associations and any other entity, where the State has the majority of the capital shares. This public fund definition is strictly connected to the contracting authority definition (analyzed here above), and it should be “read” and interpreted in this context. The two first definitions are very clear as they refer to the budget of the public authorities (central or local), which are determined to be used for public contract. The third situation intends to include under the definition of the ‘public fund’ even the aid or credit funds provided by foreign donors, based on international agreements, providing the condition that these international agreements do explicitly require the application of the Albanian PPL. In this case, the definition as ‘public fund’ is not determined by the nature of the fund per se, but by the nature of the agreement, which provides this fund. The last situation, which defines a notion of the ‘public fund’, is strictly related to the definition of a ‘body governed by public law’, and more specifically with the condition of the ‘financial dependency’ from the state as analyzed here above. 1.2.4 Public contracts If all the conditions needed to conduct a public procurement procedure are in place, most probably at the end of the given procedure, a contract will be concluded. What is decisive is whether the procurement is the subject of negotiations for entering into a contract. Thus, the procurement rules cover both framework agreements and options, even if these are first to be fulfilled at a later date, or perhaps never fulfilled at all 108 . The distinction between contracts and other measures, such as the legislative or regulatory acts and administrative decisions, is obviously quite typical in defining the 107 See article 3/4 of the PPL. 108 S.T. Poulsen, P.S. Jakobsen and S.E. Kalsmose-Hjelmborg, “EU Public Procurement Law; The Public Sector Directive, The Utilities Directive, 2 nd Edition”, DJØF Publishing, Copenhagen 2012, pg. 183. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 46 scope of application of the EU public procurement law 109 . In the Commission/Ireland ‘Ambulances’ case 110 , the ECJ indicated that the provision of services to the general public by a public authority in the exercise of its own powers derived directly from statute and applying its own funds was not regulated by the EU public procurement directives, although a contribution is paid for that purpose from another authority, covering part of the costs of those services. Although in a different context (the in house exception 111 ), in the Asemfo’ case 112 the Court considered both the fact that the building service provider was required by law to carry out the orders given to it by the public authorities, and the fact that the service provider was not free to set the tariff for its services as relevant for excluding the application of EU public procurement law. A number of aspects may potentially come into play here, like the fact that all the entities involved in providing the service were entities of public law, or the fact that costs only were covered, and no profit was made by the service provider (on this contrast Commission/Italy C-119/06; Ordine degli Architetti delle Province di Milano e Lodi C- 399/98 also addressed the relevance of the public law aspect in an agreement between a contracting authority and a private party) 113 . In the point of view of the public procurement regulatory framework, ‘public contracts’ are contracts for pecuniary interest concluded by exchange of written communication between one or more economic operators and one or more contracting authorities and 109 R. Caranta Questionnaire General Topic 3 “Public Procurement Law: Limitations, Opportunities and Paradoxes”, The XXVI FIDE Congress in Copenhagen 2014 Congress Publications Vol. 3; DJØF Publishing, Copenhagen 2014, pg 39. 110 See case C-532/03 Commission of the European Communities v Ireland, [2007] ECR I-11353 111 There are two situations of exeptions created by the Court of Justice, “inspired” by the ‘in- house contracts’ and in concrete: a) in the first situation, there are two main criteria for the in-house arrangements; first, the contracting authority must exercise control over the in-house entity, which is similar to the control it exercises over its own departments, and second, the essential part of the activities of the in-house entity must be performed for the benefit of the contracting authority (see ‘Teckal’ case, no 100 above); b) the second type of exception from the procurement rules created by the ECJ, inspired by the in- house contracts, is named the public-public cooperation. The ECJ considered that exempting a public- public arrangement from the procurement directives could be justified by the fact that an in-house provider, controlled by the same contracting authorities, could also have been exempted (see case C-480/06 Commission/Germany). The conditions for the exception based on public-public cooperation to apply as set out by the ECJ (See See cases C-159/11 Ordine degli Ingegneri della Provincia di Lecce and Others, paragraphs 34 and 35, and C-386/11 Piepenbrock, paragraphs 36 and 37) are that (a) the aim of the contract is to ensure that a public task that all participants have to perform is carried out, (b) the contract is concluded exclusively by public entities, without the participation of a private party, (c) no private provider of services is placed in a position of advantage vis-à-vis competitors and (d) the implementation of the cooperation is governed solely by considerations and requirements relating to the pursuit of objectives in the public interest. 112 See Case 295/05, Asociación Nacional de Empresas Forestales (Asemfo) v Transformación Agraria SA (Tragsa) and Administración del Estado ‘Asemfo’ [2007] ECR I-2999. 113 R. Caranta Questionnaire General Topic 3 “Public Procurement Law: Limitations, Opportunities and Paradoxes”, The XXVI FIDE Congress in Copenhagen 2014 Congress Publications, Vol. 3, DJØF Publishing, Copenhagen 2014, pg 39. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system Download 5.49 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling