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Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 23 CHAPTER I PUBLIC PROCUREMENT, ITS ROLE AND IMPORTANCE 1.Introduction Public procurement is a process performed by the Contracting Authorities (CA), which select the Economic Operators (EO) through a public competition, to enter into public contracts for the provision of goods, services or works (construction), against payment from public funds 5 . There lies a public purpose and a public task behind the public procurement, which the contracting authorities provide for by means of the procurement. The construction of a school is necessary for the education of pupils. The background to procurement can be cultural policy, commercial policy etc. The construction of a power station can be necessary for the maintaining of power on the electric grid. More detailed considerations of its construction, size, technology, location etc., can also involve issues such as the pollution of the environment, the competitiveness of the national economy, safety, national security and so on 6 . This is a process conducted by the state administration to serve directly or indirectly the citizens, who are taxpayers at the same time. In other words, through this process a state authority “delegates” to a private entrepreneurship the right to perform activities mainly of a technical character (non policy-making), on behalf and on account of the state authority, such as for example, the service of cleaning the city, construction of rural or urban roads, etc. 7 Such “delegation” is based on a bilateral contract, for the awarding of which the state authority should follow the rules of public procurement. On the other hand, this process is financed by public funds, which indirectly belong to taxpayers as well. 1.1 Role of public procurement If we visualized the public procurement process, we would imagine a chain composed by the need for a good, service or work (directly for the Contracting Authority and/or indirectly for the citizens), a source of financing (public funds, i.e. income created by different types of payments from citizens), the administrator of such need and its implementer (Contracting Authority) and the direct or indirect beneficiary of the product (citizens). The “public” or “government” procurement refers to the situation, in which it is the government (whether central or local), or some public body that purchases items from the market. Those purchases are made with a view to fulfilling the tasks of government in providing public services. Procurement is, therefore, also an “acquisition 5 Article 3/1 of Law no. 9643, dated 20.11.2006 “On Public Procurement”, as amended (here and after refered as PPL). 6 S.T. Poulsen, P.S. Jakobsen and S.E. Kalsmose-Hjelmborg, “EU Public Procurement Law; The Public Sector Directive, The Utilities Directive, 2 nd Edition”, DJØF Publishing, Copenhagen 2012, pg. 26. 7 S.T. Poulsen, P.S. Jakobsen and S.E. Kalsmose-Hjelmborg, “EU Public Procurement Law; The Public Sector Directive, The Utilities Directive, 2 nd Edition”, DJØF Publishing, Copenhagen 2012, pg. 27. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 24 for public consumption”, a statement, which neatly discloses the public interest in procurement 8 . Such characteristic of public procurement is reflected in its two essential elements; the “public need” and the “public fund”. The “public” character makes the procurement process highly sensitive 9 and naturally raises the need and the necessity for the special regulation of this process. Also, the need for special rules on the award of public contracts is based on the recognition that states, in contrast to commercial undertakings, are not disciplined by market forces when carrying out procurements. Selection of a certain economic operator, without considering optimization of price and quality, at the end of a procurement procedure, could result in costs for the budget of the state authority performing the procurement. However, in no case it bears the same risks and financial costs as a private undertaking would bear at the same conditions. A private undertaking can risk even bankruptcy in such situations, while a state authority never has this cost 10 . The same position has been kept in the case Arkkitehtuuritoimisto Riitta Korhonen 11 , where the consideration for the difference in the “economical behavior” between a state authority and a private undertaking has been clearly expressed. Considering the context in which a state authority operates when carrying out a procurement procedure, the definition of special rules for the management of state funds, aiming at minimizing the non-necessary costs on the state budget and the optimization of the price and quality of the required good, service or work, become quite sensitive. In these conditions, the public procurement process gains a very important role as the mechanism which aims at a good administration of public funds. 1.1.1 Public procurement stages When we say public procurement, generally we refer to public procurement procedures, in the meaning of an administrative competition. The procurement cycle and the regulation of procurement are not always coextensive. Procurement involves the purchase of items from the market, but the process of purchasing involves many stages from the initial recognition of the need for items to the final stage of ensuring completion (satisfactory delivery or construction). 12 In addition, the regulatory rules on public procurement generally focus on the competition procedures, since it is in this phase that 8 P. Trepte “Regulating Procurement- understanding the ends and means of public procurement regulation”, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2004 (reprinted in 2006), pg. 27. 9 “Public procurement is also a major economic activity of the government where corruption has a potential high impact on tax payers’ money”. See “Integrity in public procurement- Good practice from A to Z”, OECD Publishing 2007, pg.12. 10 S.T. Poulsen, P.S. Jakobsen and S.E. Kalsmose-Hjelmborg, “EU Public Procurement Law; The Public Sector Directive, The Utilities Directive, 2 nd Edition”, DJØF Publishing, Copenhagen 2012, pg. 28. 11 In the case C-18/01 Arkkitehtuuritoimisto Riitta Korhonen, parag. 51. is expressed as follows: “[a] body acting for profit and itself bearing the risks associated with its activity will not normally become involved in an award procedure on conditions, which are not economically justified”. 12 P. Trepte “Regulating Procurement- understanding the ends and means of public procurement regulation”, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2004 (reprinted in 2006), pg. 35. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 25 legal rules and other regulatory measures become important tools of policy 13 . A clear example of this theory is the Albanian Law on Public Procurement. The objective of this law, stated at its beginning, is “to set out the rules applying to the procurement of goods, works and services by contracting authorities” 14 . If we analyze the aim of this law further, which is following its objective, we will see that it is focused on procedural aspects of the competition. More specifically, the aim of the Albanian procurement law is to increase the efficiency in public procurement procedures, to decrease the procedural costs, to stimulate the participation of economic operators in public procurement procedures, to stimulate competition, to ensure equal treatment and nondiscrimination in public procurement procedures and to ensure integrity and transparency in public procurement procedures 15 . As easily noticed, the good conduct of the public procurement procedures is the aim of Albanian public procurement law 16 . On the other hand, the output of a procurement procedure is the conclusion of a public contract, which is a contract for pecuniary interest concluded by an exchange of written communication between one or more economic operators and one or more Contracting Authorities, having as its object the execution of works, the supply of goods or the provision of services 17 . Having taken into consideration the main definition of public procurement, as prescribed above 18 , and analyzing the elements of the public contract, it is understandable that to conduct a public procurement, the concrete needs should be known. Once the needs are identified, the private sector will compete to get a contract, to fulfill the said needs. Once the contract has been concluded, the implementation of the contract should be supervised, to ensure the proper satisfaction of the needs. As we can see, there are three main stages, which can be named as follows: 1. The identification of needs and the procurement planning stage (deciding which goods or services are to be bought and when); 2. The competition stage (an administrative competition process, following a certain procedure, aiming at awarding the contract to the best offers); and 3. The implementation stage (the process of administering and supervising the contract to ensure effective performance). 13 See S. Arrowsmith “Public Procurement: Basic Concepts and the Coverage of Procurement Rules”, Public Procurement Regulation-an introduction, pg. 1, Available on-line at http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pprg/documentsarchive/asialinkmaterials/publicprocurementregulationintrod uction.pdf . Retrieved on, 20.12.2014. 14 See article 1/1 of PPL. 15 See article 1/2 of PPL. 16 In addition, the Directive 2014/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on public procurement and repealing the Directive 2004/18/EC (here and after referred as Directive 2014/24/EU), stands in the same position, when declaring in article 1, that the scope of this Directive is to establish rules on the procedures for the procurement by contracting authorities with respect to public contracts as well as design contests, whose value is estimated to be not less than thresholds laid down in article 4. 17 See article 3/2, of PPL. 18 See footnote no. 5, above. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 26 Often, indeed in the majority of the cases (frequently as a result of internal budgetary, administrative or audit regulations), the different stages of the procurement cycles are carried out by different people 19 . All these three stages should be included under the “umbrella” of the procurement process, because there is a close connection and a strong impact of these stages to one another. This means that in practice the three stages need to be closely integrated and regarded as separate phases of a single cohesive “cycle”. It also needs to be understood that there is a significant connection between the regulatory measures that apply at the second stage and the first and third phases of the process – and that in certain cases the regulatory provisions that we consider will have a direct impact on the first and second stages 20 . Besides the three stages of the public procurement process, as prescribed above, another division might be introduced as well, in the reference to these stages; stages before and after the conclusion of the contracts. Such concept does consider the steps in the procurement cycle up to and including the publication of the contract as "before conclusion", and steps that are taken after the contract is "concluded". 21 This implies that the two initial stages described above, which prepare and direct the procurement process, stand before the conclusion of the contract and the activities for the contract management are after its conclusion. The concept reflects the activities prior to the conclusion of the contract as an "added value": because the aim of these two stages is the “correct” implementation of procurement through the processes that happen up to the moment the contract is awarded 22 . On the other hand, the contracting authorities actions that aim at the correct execution of the contract, performed after the contract conclusion, are considered as "added costs", because as it will be analyzed further on, besides the fact that changes of the contract conditions are not allowed after its conclusion, even if allowed, such changes would result in additional costs in relation to time and financial and/or human resources. 19 The same regulation is applied also in the Albanian system; the three stages should be implemented from different people, to avoid the potential situations of conflict of interests. See for example articles 57-58 of the Decision of Council of Ministers No. 914, date 29.12.2014 “On approval of the public procurement rules”. 20 See S. Arrowsmith “Public Procurement: Basic Concepts and the Coverage of Procurement Rules”, Public Procurement Regulation-an introduction, pg. 1, Available on-line at http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pprg/documentsarchive/asialinkmaterials/publicprocurementregulationintrod uction.pdf . Retrieved on, 20.12.2014. 21 The Albanian public procurement legislation provides for rules from the planning stage to the conclusion of the contract. Regarding the applicable rules during the contract execution stage, this legislation refers to the Civil Code. See article 60/3 of PPL. 22 This main objective of realizing the procurement procedure as good as possible, reflecting the contracting authority needs, explains the flexibility and legal possibility of the contracting authority to change tender documents (see for example article 42 of the PPL), or to qualify an offer, even though it might have the so- called ‘small deviations’ (see for example article 53/4 of PPL). Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 27 1.1.1.a Impact of procurement stages on each-other The main situations on how the procurement stages can impact each-other are prescribed as follows: - Procuring involves a need to plan future procurement carefully to ensure there is e n o u g h time to run a procurement procedure in full compliance with the various procedures and time limits set out in the procurement legislation 23 . Procurement laws often allow the use of procedures without an advertisement and competition to deal with cases of urgency - but this is often not permitted when the urgency was foreseeable 24 . This is a clear indicator that the way of planning impacts the type of 23 According to the article 35, paragraph 1 “Notices” of the Directive 2014/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on the coordination of procedures for the award of public works contracts, public supply contracts and public service contracts (here and after referred as Directive 2004/18/EC), “Contracting authorities shall make known, by means of a prior information notice published by the Commission or by themselves on their "buyer profile", as described in point 2(b) of Annex VIII: (a) where supplies are concerned, the estimated total value of the contracts or the framework agreements by product area which they intend to award over the following 12 months, where the total estimated value, taking into account Articles 7 and 9, is equal to or greater than EUR 750000. The product area shall be established by the contracting authorities by reference to the CPV nomenclature; (b) where services are concerned, the estimated total value of the contracts or the framework agreements in each of the categories of services listed in Annex II A which they intend to award over the following 12 months, where such estimated total value, taking into account the provisions of Articles 7 and 9, is equal to or greater than EUR 750000; (c) where works are concerned, the essential characteristics of the contracts or the framework agreements which they intend to award, the estimated value of which is equal to or greater than the threshold specified in Article 7, taking into account Article 9. The notices referred to in subparagraphs (a) and (b) shall be sent to the Commission or published on the buyer profile as soon as possible after the beginning of the budgetary year. The notice referred to in subparagraph (c) shall be sent to the Commission or published on the buyer profile as soon as possible after the decision approving the planning of the works contracts or the framework agreements that the contracting authorities intend to award. Contracting authorities who publish a prior information notice on their buyer profiles shall send the Commission, electronically, a notice of the publication of the prior information notice on a buyer profile, in accordance with the format and detailed procedures for sending notices indicated in point 3 of Annex VIII. Publication of the notices referred to in subparagraphs (a), (b) and (c) shall be compulsory only where the contracting authorities take the option of shortening the time limits for the receipt of tenders as laid down in Article 38(4). This paragraph shall not apply to negotiated procedures without the prior publication of a contract notice”. Prior Information Notice (PIN) is foreseen also by the Directive 2014/24/EU in article 48, refereeing as a mean of publication of the planned procurements of Contracting Authorities. 24 See article 31 “Cases justifying use of the negotiated procedure without publication of a contract notice” of the Directive 2014/18/EC. The same position is stated also in article 32 “Use of negotiated procedure without prior publication”, of the Directive 2014/24/EU. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 28 procedure, which should be used. A procurement plan should foresee at least the object of the contract that will be procured, the estimated procurement fund, the type of the procedure which will be followed and the approximated time foreseen for launching the said procedure 25 . If a contracting authority will fail to have a well identification and planning process, this will directly impact the following stage, because an “unplanned” need will be fulfilled, using an inappropriate procurement procedure. - Only a good identification and planning stage is not enough. In any case, aiming for an efficient process, including the well-execution of the contract, a good planning stage should be followed by an adequate competitive stage. Otherwise, even though there was a very good planning of the needs, if the procurement procedure is not respected and as such, the contract has not been awarded to the best offer, this will be reflected during the contract execution stage. Thus, a favored bidder in collusion with the procuring entity could make a very favorable bid to win the contract in accordance with the rules of the competition – but the procuring entity could then allow the bidder to undermine the terms of its bid by, for example, failing to enforce deliveries or quality standards under the contract, or allowing price revisions that are favorable to the contractor 26 . - In some other cases, if there was a bad planning of the needs, even though the procedural rules are correctly followed, this will lead to a bad contract and therefore the aim of the procurement procedure will not be achieved. On the other hand, if the contracting authority, aiming at the correct fulfillment of the contract, will change the contract terms at this stage (after the competition procedure is concluded), will act against the public procurement rules 27 . Changes to a contract made during the execution phase, may sometimes be held by the courts to constitute a “new” contract that must be retendered under public procurement laws 28 . The terms on which the contract is concluded, including terms relating to the termination and other aspects of contract administration, may be determined at least to some extent during the contract award process 29 . 25 See for example article 4 of the Decision of Council of Ministers No. 914, dated 29.12.2014 “On approval of the public procurement rules”, and Instruction of Public Procurement Agency No. 2, dated 27.01.2015 “On preparation of the register of the planning and register of the realization of procurement procedure”, available at https://www.app.gov.al , retrieved on, 30.01.2015. 26 See S. Arrowsmith “Public Procurement: Basic Concepts and the Coverage of Procurement Rules”, Public Procurement Regulation-an introduction, pg. 1, Available on-line at http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pprg/documentsarchive/asialinkmaterials/publicprocurementregulationintrod uction.pdf . Retrieved on, 20.12.2014. 27 According to article 60/1 “Rules applicable to the contracts”, of PPL, “The terms of the contract awarded pursuant to the PPL shall not differ from the prescriptions established in the tender documents and in the successful tender”. 28 See Case C-454/06, Pressetext Nachrichtenagentur v Republik Osterrich (Bund) ECJ judgment of 19 June 2008. 29 According to article 59/1 “Conditions for performance of contracts”, of PPL, “CA may lay down special conditions relating to the performance of a contract, provided these are lawful and indicated in the invitation to tender or in the tender documents”. 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