"impact of european union public procurement legislation on the albanian public procurement system" republika e shqip
Download 5.49 Kb. Pdf ko'rish
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- 2.5.2.4 The first Directives of Coordination
- 2.5.2.5 Directives following the Single European Act
- 2.5.2.6 Improving measures
- 2.5.2.7 Expansion and rationalization
- 2015 87 I) The Directives for the Review of procurement in the public sector
- 2.5.2.8 The Consolidated Directives
- 2.5.2.8.a Main changes to the Directive for procurement in the public sector
- 2.5.2.8.b Main changes in the Directive for procurement in the utilities’ sectors
2015 83 abolished. These included for example, different treatments in relation to regulations for securities and deposits, and highlighted the “principle of proportionality”, seeking to consider the proportionality between the mean used and the objective to be accomplished. The Directives of Liberalization provided for and required the application of the above mentioned principles in relation to the free movement of goods, freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services. The importance of these essential principles was recognized by the Court of Justice in cases related to procurement 276 . Despite of the provisions of Liberalization Directives, abolition of all discrimination had to be associated with other positive measures such as for example coordination of procurement procedures of different Member States 277 . Such function was with the Coordination Directives, which aimed at the approximation of those laws, regulations and administrative practices of Member States directly affecting the founding or functioning of the common market. 2.5.2.4 The first Directives of Coordination The first two directives of coordination were respectively: Directive 71/305 278 on public work contracts and Directive 77/62 279 on goods’ contracts. Both directives provided more or less for the same regulations and practically there was no strong argument why works and services had to be treated separately in two different Directives, up to 2004 when both of them and Directive 92/50 280 in relation to services’ contracts were consolidated in a single text. Directive 71/305 was adopted following to the General Programs with the aim of coordinating the internal procedures (legislation) of the Member States for selecting winners and awarding the public work contracts. Hence, this Directive reaffirms once again the main objectives of the General Programs such as the prohibition of setting as qualification criteria the technical specification of a discriminatory effect or the setting of the objective criteria for the participation of bidders. The Directive also gives special importance to the implementation of an effective competition in public contracts’ sector. The general Treaty rules on free movement entail an obligation not to discriminate in public procurement, which is an important starting point for opening up public procurement. However, this alone has long been considered insufficient to remove barriers to trade that exist in public markets: it is widely considered that positive obligations, including transparency requirements, are needed in order to achieve this 281 . Thus, the aim of this Directive was to provide possible contractors, established in the 276 See for example Case C-263/85 Commission v Italy (1991) ECR I – 2457; Case C-243/89 Danish Bridge; Case 76/81 SA Transporoute et Travaux v Minister of Public Work (1982) ECR 417. 277 See also S. Arrowsmith “Law of Public and Utilities Procurement”, Volume 1, Third Edition, Sweet & Maxwell, London 2014, para. 3-28. 278 OJ 1971 L 185/1. 279 OJ 1977 L 13/1. 280 OJ 1992 L 209/1. 281 See S. Arrowsmith “Law of Public and Utilities Procurement”, Volume 1, Third Edition, Sweet & Maxwell, London 2014, para. 3-29. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 84 community, with the opportunity of having adequate information to decide whether it was in their own interest to participate in a procurement procedure or not. Directive 77/62 was adopted with the purpose of coordination of procedures for selecting the winners and awarding the goods’ contracts. This directive, in addition to the requirement for creating equal conditions for competitiveness, highlights the transparency of the procurement process, aiming at a facilitated control of implementation of the above mentioned principles. The purpose of both directives was the increase of transparency of the procurement process (by publishing of tenders in all Member States of the Community), from which derived public contracts, assuring and monitoring the principle of effective competitiveness, which in its side brings equal opportunities and equal access in these contracts (by setting objective criteria for participation and prohibition of setting technical discriminatory specifications). These Directives also regulated two other important aspects. First, as coordination measures, they do not require establishing a common regulatory regime in the Member States. Directive 71/305 states that coordination should take place considering as much as possible the existing procedures and practices in each member state. Article 2 of both Directives clearly provides that contracting authorities, in selecting contractors should apply their internal procedures, adopted by the Directives. These directives, differently from the later Directives, did not impose the usage of defined procedures; they provided only for defined requirements, which had to be fulfilled (mainly in relation to notice/publication rules) in case of a given kind of procedure. The second important characteristic of these Directives was that they were applicable only to procurement procedures and contracts above a certain financial value. It was the case of such values considered to have impact on competitiveness and could affect the trade among Member States. 2.5.2.5 Directives following the Single European Act Preparation by the Commission of a series of communication to Member States for the application of these Directives 282 , at that time showed not very good results achieved in this direction. Beside the criticism to Member States for not adopting measures for application and inclusion of Directives in the internal legislation, the Commission identified a number of factors of a relevant impact in such misapplication. A first factor was the limited application area (scope) of these Directives due to the exclusion of procurement in the utility sector, as it was the case of public and private entities operating in the sector of water, energy transport and telecommunication. Another factor identified by the Commission was that the level of the defined financial threshold restricted the effect of the directives, because the Contracting Authorities signed a great number of public contracts under the threshold set by the Directives. It was also evident that the 282 COM (1984) 717, COM (1984) 747 and COM (1986) 375. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 85 open tender procedure was rarely used, incentivizing the usage of non-competitive procedures 283 . These problems were not only limited to public procurement, but were also manifested in other important sectors for the implementation of the common market. Jointly with other sectors where the four freedoms were not respected, public procurement was significantly improved by the White Paper of 1985 284 , which aimed at achieving the European “objective” by foreseeing an ambitious plan for the realization of the unique internal common market until 1992. According to article 8 (now article 14), the internal market intended an area without internal borders, within which free movement of goods, people, services and capitals was assured, in line with the provision of this Treaty. In order to achieve this, the Single European Act provided for an ex novo legal basis and the Directives of procurement adopted on the basis of the Single European Act were based on the new article 100a (article 114 of TFEU), which permitted the Council to adopt measures for the approximation of provisions established by law, regulations or administrative practices by the Member States, which have as their objective the founding and functioning of the internal market. This was a classic economic theory, according to which the removal of these restrictions to trade would be accompanied by the generation of benefits in trade, such as the increase of quality, better usage of the economy of scale and the increase of competitiveness. Savings were expected to grow by acquisitions of lower cost of imports, from rebates from local firms, which would result in a restructuring of the European industry. Most of the gains were expected due to the completion of the segmentation of the market in Europe, and by strengthening the ability of the European industry to compete in the world market. In this regard, two initiatives were taken: first to improve the existing Directives and second to expand the scope of the Directive and reduce the number of documents for participation in a procurement procedure. 2.5.2.6 Improving measures The Directive that regulated public works was amended by Directive 89/440 285 whiles the Directive on goods was amended by Directive 88/295 286 . The main purpose of these amendments was to guarantee real freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services in the market for public works contracts, improving and expanding the provisions of Directives aimed at transparency in public procurement procedures and practices for the selection of the winning contractors, as to ensure the removal of restrictions and reduction of putting different competitive conditions for participants from different Member States. 283 See also S. Arrowsmith “Law of Public and Utilities Procurement”, Volume 1, Third Edition, Sweet & Maxwell, London 2014, para. 3-30. 284 White Paper on Completing the Internal Market COM (1985) 310 final. 285 OJ 1989 L 210/1. 286 OJ 1988 L 127/1. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 86 In order to increase transparency and respect of the procurement process, these Directives provided for the first time for a request for the publication of the preliminary notification by which the Contracting Authorities showed their intentions and plans of purchase in the next budgetary year, and in exchange they would be allowed to reduce the minimum time limits set in the relevant Directives from the publication of the tender to the bid opening date. In addition, the Directives would go further by introducing requirements for the transparency of the process, by requiring that at the end of the process a notification with the winner contractor and summarized information for the unsuccessful candidates would be published. Both amendments to the Directives provide for the first time for the negotiation procedure, which would be used in such circumstances, under which other standard procedures of public procurement could not be used 287 . Both directives provided for a rule 288 , according to which Member States were authorized to apply their internal legislation “aiming at the reduction of regional inequalities, promotion of jobs in the area regions and reduction of industrial regions, with the condition that such internal legislation was in conformity with the Treaty and the Community’s international obligations. Such authorization was valid up to 1992, when the internal market was expected to be realized. The other lone “social” objective foreseen by the Directive was in relation to the small and medium enterprises. According to this provision, bidders are provided with the possibility to define preliminarily in their tender documents the percentage, if it exists, of the contracts that they shall sub contract to third parties, with the purpose that this would be a good opportunity for small and medium enterprises to participate in tenders. 2.5.2.7 Expansion and rationalization The next step in relation to works and goods was the adoption of two new Directives namely: 93/36 289 and 93/37 290 . The preambles of these two Directives reflect the provisions of previous Directives, although the term “transparency” is widely replaced with provisions in relation to the right of information 291 . Following the Single European Act, there were four new Directives adopted: I) for the review of procurement in the public sector 292 , II) for the review in the utility sector 293 , III) for the public procurement of works, goods and services in the utility sectors 294 , and IV) for the contracts of public services 295 . 287 See also S. Arrowsmith “Law of Public and Utilities Procurement”, Volume 1, Third Edition, Sweet & Maxwell, London 2014, para. 3-31. 288 Article 21 of the Directive 89/440 and Article16 of the Directive 88/295. 289 OJ 1993 L 199/1. 290 OJ 1993L 199/54. 291 Recitals 14 and 10 respectively of Directives 93/36 and 93/37. 292 Directive 89/665 (OJ 1989 L 395/33). 293 Directive 92/13 (OJ 1992 L 76/14). 294 Directive 90/531 (OJ 1990 L 297/1). 295 Directive 92/50 (OJ 1992 L 209/1). Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 87 I) The Directives for the Review of procurement in the public sector Lack of binding measures has been identified in the communications by the Commission as an obstacle for effective implementation of procurement Directives. Hence, directive 89/665 was approved, Recital 3 of which provided that the “opening” of public procurement to the Community’s competitiveness, makes it necessary to guarantee the transparency and non-discrimination and to ensure that a system of effective and fast review is needed, in cases of violation of Community law in the procurement sector, or of the internal rules that implement the Community rules. Intending to ensure that rapid and effective means of redress is available in all EU countries in cases where bidders consider that contracts have been awarded unfairly, and improving the effectiveness of the review system on public procurement field, the above mentioned Directive was substantially amended by Directive 2007/66/EC 296 . Through this Directive, two main features of the said review system were introduced: a) a "standstill period" – contracting authorities need to wait for at least 10 days after deciding who has won the public contract before the contract can actually be signed. This period gives bidders time to examine the decision and decide whether to initiate a review procedure; and b) more stringent rules against illegal direct awards of public contracts – national courts will be able to render these contracts ineffective if they have been illegally awarded without transparency and prior competitive tendering 297 . II) The Directives for the Review of procurement in the utility sectors Provisions of the Directive for the review of procurement in the public sector were almost replicated by Directive 92/13 for the review in the utility sectors, although this directive considered also the greater flexibility needed in the utility sectors thus providing for some additional articles for the verification system and reconciliation procedures. This Directive has been amended too by the Directive 2007/66/EC, for the same reasons as described above in the case of the Review Directive in the public sector. III) The Directive for public procurement of works, goods and services in the utility sectors At the beginning of the public procurement system regime was not thought that there is a need for special regulations of the utilities sectors. After the adoption of Utilities Directive, contracting entities operating in these sectors, entered the regime of public procurement, but this regime provided for a set of more flexible procedures than those of the classic sector, considering the more trade oriented environment, within which they operated (contracting entities in utility sectors were mainly private entrepreneurships). IV) The Directive on Services procurements 296 OJ 2007 L 335/31 297 See article 1 of the Directive 2007/66 EC. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 88 The Directive on the procurement of Services is almost identical to the directive of Goods, with some necessary adjusting to the specifics of service contracts 298 . This directive was based in the Treaty provisions for the freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services. This Directive applied two kinds of provisions, depending on the kind of services procured. 2.5.2.8 The Consolidated Directives Reform of the above mentioned Directives was given special attention since the Green Card of the Commission in 1996, which was followed by the Communication on Public procurement in the European Union, in 1998 299 . This resulted in two proposals for two new Directives, one for the public sector and the other one for the utilitary sectors 300 . Followed by a series of amendments, these proposals were transformed into Directives in 2004, namely Directive 2004/18/EC “For the coordination of procurement procedures for contracts of public works, goods and services” 301 and Directive 2004/17/EC “For the coordination of procurement procedures in the utility sectors; water, energy, transport and postal services” 302 . Member States were given a deadline of two years to implement them into their internal legislation. In general, the amendments introduced with the new Utilities’ Directive reflected those introduced with the new Directive of Public Sector. In fact, the most significant change in the public sector was the codification of the three previous directives, which were applied for the public works, goods and services, in one Directive. In addition, this Directive was simplified, with a more logical structure. The same may be said for the Utilities’ Directive, which begins with definitions, then with the aim and further on with the rules to be followed for the implementation of the procedure. 2.5.2.8.a Main changes to the Directive for procurement in the public sector The main changes introduced in the regime of public sector by Directive 2004/18/EC, are as follows: - Acknowledgment of the right of some procurement entities to implement concentrated purchase through framework agreements; - Explicit acceptance of the use of framework agreements, although this is under conditions provided in the directive (these are already allowed in the original Utilities’ Directive); - Amendments of the articles with reference to technical specifications, by waiving the obligation for references to the European standards; 298 This directive is applied for all service contracts and is not limited only to consultancy service contracts. 299 COM (1998) 143. 300 COM (2000) 275 and COM (2000) 276, respectively. 301 OJ 2004 L134/114. 302 OJ 2004 L134/1. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 89 - Provision of competitive dialogue as a new procedure, which may be used by the contracting authorities when they cannot determine the technical solution or can not specify the financial and contractual make up of the project. (this type of procedure is not provided for by the Utilities’ Directive given that the provisions of this last one are more flexible than those of the public sector); - Provision of the electronic procurement, including the electronic auction, and the dynamic purchase system as well as the reduction of deadlines in the case of electronic communications; - Explicit approval of considering society and environment during drawing of specifications and selection criteria and in the implementation of the terms of contract; - Provision of the new requirements in relation to the minimal qualifications as well as the selection criteria, which should be made preliminarily known to the possible offerers. 2.5.2.8.b Main changes in the Directive for procurement in the utilities’ sectors It was important that Directive in the Utilities’ Sectors be consistent with the Directive for Public Sector, having same amendments in the major part for both sectors. However this directive introduces some particularities for the utilitary sector. Main amendments made by Directive 2004/17/EC, included: - Exclusion by scope of directive of the entities operating in the telecommunication sector; - Inclusion of entities operating in postal services; - Provision of a general mechanism, which would allow exclusion of those entities that could demonstrate that they operate in competitive markets; - Amending of the definition of the exclusive right to approximate it, in line with the definition provided by the European Court’ jurisprudence; - Changing the monetary thresholds to fix the issues raised by GPA (Government Procurement Agreement) in relation to the variable monetary thresholds; Download 5.49 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling