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- 3.1.1.c Freedom of establishment
- 2015 98 3.1.1.d Freedom to provide services
- 3.1.2 Basic principles of public procurement
- 3.1.2.a Equal treatment
2015 97 Furthermore, the Treaty provides that quantitative restrictions on imports and exports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between the Member States 326 . This principle seeks to prevent all trading rules enacted by EU Member States that are capable of hindering, directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, intra- Community trade 327 . The objective is to prevent Member States, through their contracting authorities 328 , from buying only national products (‘buy national’ requirements). It applies to both the distinctly applicable measures that are clearly intended to discriminate against foreign goods (such as local content clauses) and the indistinctly applicable measures that apply equally to local and foreign goods but nevertheless discriminate indirectly against foreign goods in that their effect is to make market access more difficult for imported products than for local ones 329 . 3.1.1.c Freedom of establishment Restrictions on the freedom of establishment of nationals of a Member State in the territory of another Member State shall be prohibited. Such prohibition shall also apply to restrictions on the setting-up of agencies, branches or subsidiaries by nationals of any Member State established in the territory of any Member State. Freedom of establishment shall include the right to take up and pursue activities as self-employed persons and to set up and manage undertakings, in particular companies or firms 330 , under the conditions laid down for its own nationals by the law of the country where such establishment is effected 331 . Unlike the provisions relating to the free movement of goods (as analyzed above), the provision relating to the freedom of establishment, does refer only to Community nationals. This principle is designed to guarantee the rights of Community nationals to establish themselves or an agency, branch or subsidiary in the territories of other Member States. It also acts to protect the pursuit of activities of self-employed persons. Thus, an economic operator from a member state will be permitted to carry out a business in another member state through the establishment of a local entity 332 . 326 See articles 34 and 35 of the TFEU (ex articles 28 and 29 of the TEC). 327 See case 8/74 Procureur du Roi v Dassonvile [1974] ECR 837 at 852. 328 The ECJ has specifically held that it applies to all authorities of a Member State, be they central authorities, the authorities of a federal state, or other territorial authorities. See for example joined cases C- 1/90 and C-176/90 Aragonesa de Publicidad Exterior SA and Publivia SAE v Departamento de Sanidad y Seguridad Social de la Generalitat de Cataluna [1991] ECR I-4151. 329 P. Trepte “Public Procurement in the EU - a practitioner’s Guide, Second Edition”, published by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2007, pg. 7, para 1.17. 330 According to article 54 of the TFEU (ex article 48 of the TEC), ‘Companies or firms’ means companies or firms constituted under civil or commercial law, including cooperative societies, and other legal persons governed by public or private law, save for those which are non-profit-making. 331 See article 49 of the TFEU (ex article 43 of the TEC). 332 According to article 50 of the TFEU (ex article 44 of the TEC), ‘in order to attain freedom of establishment as regards a particular activity, the European Parliament and the Council, acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure and after consulting the Economic and Social Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 98 3.1.1.d Freedom to provide services The restrictions on freedom to provide services within the Union shall be prohibited in respect of nationals of Member States, who are established in a Member State other than that of the person for whom the services are intended. The European Parliament and the Council, acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, may extend the provisions of the Services’ chapter to nationals of a third country, who provide services and who are established within the Union 333 . This principle protects the rights of the nationals of Member States, who are established in the Community to provide commercial or professional services 334 in the territories of other Member States. This would include the right of temporary establishment in the territory of another member Committee, shall act by means of directives’. Furthermore, this article provides for the main duties The European Parliament, the Council and the Commission shall carry out on this regards, in particular: (a) by according, as a general rule, priority treatment to activities where freedom of establishment makes a particularly valuable contribution to the development of production and trade; (b) by ensuring close cooperation between the competent authorities in the Member States in order to ascertain the particular situation within the Union of the various activities concerned; (c) by abolishing those administrative procedures and practices, whether resulting from national legislation or from agreements previously concluded between Member States, the maintenance of which would form an obstacle to freedom of establishment; (d) by ensuring that workers of one Member State employed in the territory of another Member State may remain in that territory for the purpose of taking up activities therein as self-employed persons, where they satisfy the conditions, which they would be required to satisfy if they were entering that State at the time when they intended to take up such activities; (e) by enabling a national of one Member State to acquire and use land and buildings situated in the territory of another Member State, in so far as this does not conflict with the principles laid down in the Treaty (Article 39(2); (f) by effecting the progressive abolition of restrictions on freedom of establishment in every branch of activity under consideration, both as regards the conditions for setting up agencies, branches or subsidiaries in the territory of a Member State and as regards the subsidiaries in the territory of a Member State and as regards the conditions governing the entry of personnel belonging to the main establishment into managerial or supervisory posts in such agencies, branches or subsidiaries; (g) by coordinating to the necessary extent the safeguards which, for the protection of the interests of members and others, are required by Member States of companies or firms with a view to making such safeguards equivalent throughout the Union; (h) by satisfying themselves that the conditions of establishment are not distorted by aids granted by Member States. 333 See article 56 of the TFEU (ex article 49 of the TEC). 334 According to article 57, para 1, of the TFEU (ex article 50 of the TEC), ‘services shall be considered to be ‘services’ within the meaning of the Treaties where they are normally provided for remuneration, in so far as they are not governed by the provisions relating to freedom of movement for goods, capital and persons. ‘Services’ shall in particular include: (a) activities of an industrial character; (b) activities of a commercial character; (c) activities of craftsmen; (d) activities of the professions’. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 99 state for the purposes of providing a service in that member state 335 . Thus, an economic operator based in one member state will be entitled to submit a tender in another member state without the need to set up a local entity or representative. Unlike the provisions relating to the freedom of establishment, the provision relating to the freedom to provide services does ‘open a window’ to the possibility for nationals of a third country to benefit from this freedom. In any case, this possibility is applicable only if there are two conditions fulfilled: a) nationals of a third country, who provide services and b) who are established within the Union. Yet, this possibility will be real if the European Parliament and the Council, acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, will decide to extend the provisions of the Services’ chapter to nationals of a third country. 3.1.2 Basic principles of public procurement In addition to these fundamental principles in the Treaty, the award of contracts concluded in the Member States on behalf of the State, regional or local authorities and other bodies governed by public law entities, is also subject to the principles deriving therefrom, such as the principle of a) equal treatment, b) the principle of non- discrimination, c) the principle of mutual recognition, d) the principle of proportionality and e) the principle of transparency. The dimensional nature of public procurement by virtue of the monetary applicability of the relevant rules introduces a de minimis criterion, where certain thresholds in relation to the value of the contracts are utilized for the applicability of the Directives 336 . Thus, for public contracts above a certain value, it is advisable to draw up provisions of Community coordination of national procedures for the award of such contracts, which are based on these principles so as to ensure their effects and to guarantee the opening-up of public procurement to competition. These coordinating provisions should therefore be interpreted in accordance with both the aforementioned rules and principles and other rules of the Treaty 337 . As such, the public procurement legislation (Public Sector Directive and Albanian PPL) does provide for specific principles, which should be applied while running a procurement process. Both the Public Sector Directive and the Albanian PPL do provide 335 According to the article 57, para 2, of the TFEU ‘without prejudice to the provisions of the Chapter relating to the right of establishment, the person providing a service may, in order to do so, temporarily pursue his activity in the Member State where the service is provided, under the same conditions as are imposed by that State on its own nationals’. 336 See C. H. Bovis “EU Public Procurement Law”, Second Edition, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, United Kingdom, 2012, pg. 254. 337 See Recital 2 of the Public Sector Directive 2004/18/EC. The same is stated also in the Recital 1 of the Public Sector Directive 2014/24/EU, which does stress also the fact that ‘for public contracts above a certain value, provisions should be drawn up coordinating national procurement procedures so as to ensure that those principles are given practical effect and public procurement is opened up to competition’. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 100 for principles, which should be considered by a contracting authority, in the procurement process, according to which the latest shall treat economic operators equally and non- discriminatorily and shall act in a transparent way 338 . Except for these principles, PPL, differently from the said Directive, provides explicitly for the principle of proportionality. On the other hand, the New Public Sector Directive 2014/24/EU does not only provide that contracting authorities shall treat economic operators equally and without discrimination and shall act in a transparent and proportionate manner, but goes further by providing explicitly the necessity of measures to prohibit the artificial narrow of the competition. As such, according to this Directive, the design of the procurement shall not be made with the intention of excluding it from the scope of this Directive or of artificially narrowing competition. The competition shall be considered to be artificially narrowed where the design of the procurement is made with the intention of unduly favoring or disadvantaging certain economic operators 339 . There is a legal scope for Directives, which is the enactment of the Treaty principles of competition in the internal market, and an economic approach, more sensible to practical effects deriving from the abolition of trade barriers, which entails important consequences on the structure of European industry as well as on prices 340 . Another explanation, which is perhaps more pragmatic, lies with the idea that the reference to better value for money in the new Directive has to do with “marketing” considerations: in order to counter the increasing disfavor of the imposition of public procurement procedures, the Commission tries to “sell” the new Directives with the argument that public procurement entails value for money and not only internal market objectives 341 . Some general principles of law have also emerged from the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). As general principles, these will also be applied in the context of public procurement, and a number have, in fact, been applied by the ECJ in cases concerned with public procurement disputes. They are important because they will often be used by the ECJ to fill in gaps in the legislation and to provide solutions of principle to situations that are often very complex. Thus, a very relevant principle set by ECJ case- law was the application of Treaty principles also under the threshold public procurements 342 . The result is that, according to procurement Directives (both Directive 338 See respectively article 2 of the Directive 2004/18/EC and of the PPL. 339 See article 18 of the 2014/24/EU. 340 See R. Caranta, ‘The changes to the public contract directives and the story they tell about how EU law works’, Common Market Law, Review Contents Vol. 52 No. 2 April 2015, © 2015 Kluwer Law International. Printed in the United Kingdom. pg. 394. 341 M. E. Comba “Variations in the scope of the new EU public procurement Directives of 2014: Efficiency in public spending and a major role of the approximation of laws”; François Lichère, Roberto Caranta and Steen Treumer (eds.) “Modernizing Public Procurement. The New Directive”; 1. Edition, Djøf Publishing, Copenhagen 2014, pg. 45. 342 See case C-59/00, 2001, Vestergaard ECR I-9505, in which the ECJ concluded that “Notwithstanding the fact that a public works contract does not exceed the threshold laid down in Directive 93/37 and does not, thus, fall within its scope, article 30 of the Treaty precludes a contracting authority from including in the contract documents for that contract a clause requiring the use in carrying out the contract of a product of a specified make, without adding the words ‘or equivalent’”. See also R. Caranta, The Borders of EU Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 101 2004/18 and Directive 2014/24) 343 , the Treaty principles of the free movement of goods, freedom of establishment and provision of services are applicable in the award of all public contracts concluded in the Member States, but only contracts above a certain value require the Community coordination of national procedures 344 . The Treaty technique of approximation of legislation is peculiar of public procurements above the threshold, while other Treaty principles are common to above and below the threshold contracts 345 . On the other hand, the principles provided by the Albanian PPL, in the frame of the approximation process, are the same as the ones provided by the Public Sector Directives (both 2004/18 and 2014/24), but in any case they are applied in a different context. Further below, we will see how the differences of the contexts do impact the ‘shape’ of the core principles, which rule the public procurement process. 3.1.2.a Equal treatment Equality of treatments contains both formal and substantive elements. In a formal sense, equality presupposes equality before the law and is a fundamental requirement recognized by most systems of law 346 . In a substantive sense, this principle requires that identical situations be treated in the same way or that different situations not be treated in the same way 347 . Thus, this principle does not depend on the nationality (as with the principle of non-discrimination), but is based on the idea of fairness to its subjects 348 . In Public Procurement Law, in D. Dragos, R. Caranta (eds), Outside the EU Procurement Directives – Inside the Treaty?, Copenhagen, Djoef Publishing, 2012, p. 25 – 60. 343 See Recital 2 of Directive 2004/18/EC and Recital 1 of Directive 2014/24/EU. 344 M. E. Comba “Variations in the scope of the new EU public procurement Directives of 2014: Efficiency in public spending and a major role of the approximation of laws”; François Lichère, Roberto Caranta and Steen Treumer (eds.) “Modernizing Public Procurement. The New Directive”; 1. Edition, Djøf Publishing, Copenhagen 2014, pg 36. 345 See Case C-6/05, Medipac-Kazantzidis, 2007, ECR I-4557 and joined cases C-147/06 and C-148/06, SECAP, 2008, ECR I-3565. 346 See P. Trepte “Public Procurement in the EU- a practitioner’s Guide, Second Edition”, published by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2007, pg. 14, para 1.32. 347 See case C-304/01 Kingdom of Spain v Commission of the European Communities [2004] ECR I-7655 and case C-434/02 Arnold Andre GmbH & Co KG v Landrat des Kreises Herford [2004] ECR I-11825. 348 See for example case C – 94/99 “ARGE”, where the association of undertakings and civil engineers (“ARGE”) complained that the contracting authority conducting the public procurement breached the principle of equal treatment of all tenderers by allowing submission of tenders by service providers from public sectors. ARGE challenged the participation of such companies claiming that as semi – public tenderers, they received substantial state subsidies, which were not actually linked to the specific project. The national court reviewing the case referred to the ECJ with a number of questions. It was asking essentially whether the decision of the contracting authority to admit to the open procedure bodies, which receive subsidies of any kind, enabling those bodies to tender in public procurement procedures at prices, which are substantially below those of their private competitors, infringe the principle of equal treatment of suppliers in public procurement. During the procedure ARGE was arguing that the EU directives, which are applicable in the field of public procurement, are based on the principle that all suppliers must compete against each other under the normal conditions, without the market being distorted by the actions of Member States. The ECJ case noticed that EU directives, in particular the relevant directive 92/50 Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 102 any case, having into consideration the dynamic, which characterizes the procurement process, the definition/interpretation of the ‘fairness to the subjects’ should be done according to the specific situation 349 . Based on its importance, this principle is required to be respected during all phases of a procurement process, but differently from the Public Sector Directive 2004/18, which does require for a equal treatment mainly in its recitals and has only one article 350 explicitly calling this principle, the Albanian PPL except from the general article declaring the public procurement principles, which is the same as the one provided by the above mentioned directive 351 , does explicitly call for the principle of equal treatment in several articles 352 reinforcing the importance of respecting the equal treatment principle not only to achieve the purpose of the law, but also in communication to all interested stakeholders, during the awarding process, while preparing the technical specifications, while considering the cancellation of an awarding procedure, or while deciding to a use a negotiated procedure without prior publication of a contract notice 353 . concerning the award of public service contracts contains detailed conditions for the selection of service providers and criteria for the contract award but none of those provisions provides that suppliers should be excluded from the participation because they receive public subsidies. On the contrary, the directive expressly authorizes the participation of public bodies. The mere fact that the contracting authority allows bodies receiving the subsidies of any kind, which enables them to submit tenders at prices lower than those of the other, does not amount to a breach of the principle of equal treatment. 349 The Court of Justice rendered an interesting judgment in case C-336/12 Ministeriet for Forskning, Innovation og Videregående Uddannelser v. Manova A/S. This was a reference for preliminary ruling submitted by a Danish court in the course of proceedings concerning the lawfulness of a public procurement procedure organized by the Danish Ministry of Education. The Court of Justice held that the principle of equal treatment does not preclude a contracting authority from asking a candidate, after the deadline for applying to take part in a tendering procedure, to provide documents describing that candidate’s situation – such as a copy of its published balance sheet – which can be objectively shown to pre-date that deadline, so long as it was not expressly laid down in the contract documents that, unless such documents were provided, the application would be rejected. That request must not unduly favor or disadvantage the candidate or candidates to which it is addressed. While in the case C-87/94 “Walloon buses” the principle of equal treatment was breached in the opinion of the Court by the contracting authority, which changed the award of contract criteria in the course of the procedure. In that regard, ECJ pointed out that “by taking into account, in its comparison of tenders (...), the cost - saving features suggested by EMI [winning tenderer] without having referred to them in the contract documents or in the tender notice, by using them to offset the financial differences between the tenders in the first place and those of EMI’s placed second and by accepting some of EMI’s tenders as a result of taking those features into account, the Kingdom of Belgium failed to fulfill its obligations under the Directive.” 350 See article 2 of the Directive 2004/18/EC. 351 See article 2 of the Albanian PPL, which is the same as article 2 of the Directive 2004/18/EC. 352 In this point the Albanian PPL is ‘closer’ to the Public Sector Directive 2014/24/EU, which (in difference from the Directive 2004/18/EC) except for the recitals, does also explicitly call this principle in several articles (see for example article 24 ‘Conflicts of interest’, article 29 ‘Competitive procedure with negotiation’, article 31 ‘Innovation partnership’, article 41 ‘Prior involvement of candidates or tenderers’, Section 3 ‘Choice of participants and award of contracts “Article 56 ‘General principles’ and Article 76 ‘Principles of awarding contracts’). 353 See for example article 1 ‘Purpose of the law’, article 23 ‘Technical specifications’, article 24 ‘Cancellation of an awarding procedure’ article 32 ‘Negotiated procedure without prior publication of a Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system Download 5.49 Kb. 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