Indirect questions in teaching grammar

He felt that he had to do something, where he felt is a reporting clause, with the introductory verb feel ( in the Past Indefinite form ), and that he had to do something is a reported clause.
In traditional English grammar [Kaushanskaya, Kovner 1959, p.299], there are several types of reported clauses. Depending on the type of statement, on what exactly we want to convey with the help of indirect speech (statement, request, order or advice, etc.), the choice of one or another clause depends.
So, the main types of indirect speech clauses:
1. clauses with that (that-clauses);
2. clauses with infinitive and particle to (to-clauses);
3. indirect speech clause with if / whether;
4. clauses of questions beginning with wh- (wh-words).
Let's consider each of the methods of transmitting the CD in more detail.
1. Most often, indirect speech conveys statements. When turning direct speech into indirect speech in declarative sentences, a number of changes occur, the following rules are observed:
- Quotation marks are not used in indirect speech.
- Personal and possessive pronouns change depending on the change in the person from whom the speech is being made.
- To convey other people's thoughts and statements, an indirect speech clause is used with the union that, which can be omitted if the introductory verb states an act of reflection, that is not omitted in cases where the introductory verb reports any additional information (for example, I explained that she would have to stay in bed). The union that can be omitted after verbs such as to say (to say, to speak); to know (to know); to think (think). After other verbs that introduce indirect speech (for example, after the verbs to answer (answer), to state (state), to remark (notice), etc.), the union that is usually not omitted.
The following verbs are most often used as introductory verbs in that clauses: admit, agree, answer, believe, claim, comment, decide, discover, doubt, dream, explain, feel, find, hear, hope, imagine, inform, know, learn, realize, re-member, say, see, tell, think, understand, etc.
If the predicate in the main clause is expressed by the verb in one of the past tenses, then when direct speech changes into indirect speech, the verb-predicate in the subordinate clause (in indirect speech) changes in time in accordance with the rules of tense coordination. (Sequence of tensions)
So, according to the rule of time coordination, when the PR changes to the CR, the following time shift occurs:
Present Indefinite > Past Indefinite Present Continuous > Past Continuous Present Perfect > Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous > Past Perfect Continuous
Past Indefinite > Past Perfect
Past Continuous > Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect > does not change
Past Perfect Continuous > does not change
Future Future Simple > Future Simple in the Past Future Continuous > Future Continuous in the Past Future Perfect > Future Perfect in the Past
Future Perfect Continuous > Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
Adverbs and temporal indications are replaced by past tense indicators: now - then, today-yesterday, this day - that day, tomorrow - (the) next day, here-there, this - that, these - those, last week > the week before , last year > the year before, ago > before, etc.
2. Referral of RC questions
Questions in constructions with CR are called indirect or indirect questions (reported or indirect questions).
Features of submitting a question to the Kyrgyz Republic:
- there is no inversion word order characteristic of the question;
- no question mark is used.
When sending a type I question (yes/no - questions/ General Ques- tions) to the CR, if/whether-clauses are used. For example, a simple question " Do you know my name?" transmitted in the CR as Not asked if I knew his name. The whether conjunction is more commonly used when there is an alternative choice, for example, I was asked whether I wanted to stay at a hotel or at his home.
When sending type II questions (Special Questions) beginning with wh-questions to the CR, the question word is placed at the beginning of the indirect clause and the direct word order of the declarative sentence is observed. For example , I asked how they liked the film .
Here are the main verbs that introduce clauses of indirect speech, starting with interrogative words:
decide, describe, discower, discuss, explain, forget, quess, imagine, know, learn, realize, remember, reveal, say, see, teach, think, understand, wonder.
3. Requests, orders, advice and intentions are conveyed in indirect speech by an infinitive clause with to. The person addressed is in such cases the object of the introductory verb. Consider an example: My doctor advised me to see a neurologist.
The main verbs that are followed by an infinitive clause with to in CR are: advise, ask, beg, command, forbid, instruct, invite, order, persuade, remind, teach, tell, etc.
As a syntactic model, indirect speech is a binary two-component syntactic structure, which, together with direct speech, is included in one classification group. Speaking about the structural model of indirect speech, it should be noted that the constructions of indirect speech are binomial, the parts of this construction are syntactically dependent on each other - this is the main and subordinate clause. G. M. Chumakov [Chumakov, 1975] distinguishes two main components of constructions with indirect speech: representing (the words of the author) and represented (the words of the character). The dominant role belongs to the representative component at the structural level, while the usually represented component dominates semantically.
Consider the main classifications of types of indirect speech.
According to the classification of types of indirect speech by M.M. Bakhtin, there are:
- subject-analytic indirect speech, where the analytical construction conveys the exact meaning of someone else's statement, which is perceived as the semantic position of the speaker.
- verbal-analytical CR, which characterizes not only the subject of speech, but also the speaker.
- impressionistic CR, which is used to convey the inner speech and thoughts of the character [quote from:].
S.G. Barkhudarov distinguishes the following types of indirect speech:
- "hidden" indirect speech included in the author's speech;
- indirect speech, which conveys only the content of direct speech;
- indirect speech, which is a repetition of direct speech in order to deliberately emphasize the features of the language and manner of thought of the speaker;
- indirect speech, which conveys not only the content of someone else's statement, but also the individual linguistic and mental characteristics of the speaker. S. G. Barkhudarov calls this type of indirect speech improperly direct speech, which is indirect speech in grammatical form, but in terms of the choice of words, their arrangement, melody, and figurativeness - direct [Barkhudarov 1935: 116].
M.Ya. Bloch, Yu.M. Sergeeva distinguish the following functional varieties of indirect speech:
1. complex sentence with an additional clause;
2. complex sentence with a subordinate subject;
3. complex sentence with a predicative clause;
4. complex sentence with an appositive clause [Bloch,
Sergeeva, 2011: 105 ], classifying the types of CR according to the model of sentence members. From the above classifications it follows that the functional range of indirect speech is quite wide. In constructions with indirect speech, there is always an input verb, which is the core of the indirect construction.