Ingliz tili grammatikasi
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Ingliz tili grammatikasi
Will you close the window? Derazani yoping, iltimos. Will you pass me the salt? Tuzni uzatib yuborasizmi? Won’t you have a glass of water? Bir stakan suv ichmaysizmi? 22 WOULD 1. Would (will fe’lining o‘tgan zamon shakli bo‘lib) qo‘shma gapning bosh gapidagi fe’l o‘tgan zamonda bo‘lganda ergash gapda, 2 va 3-shaxs birlik va ko‘plikda ishlatiladi: He said that he would come soon. U tezda kelishini aytdi. I told him that you would leave London on Monday. Men unga siz dushanba kuni Lon- dondan jo‘nashingizni aytdim. 2. Would 1-shaxs birlik va ko‘plikda modal ma’nosida ishlatiladi va maqsadni, istakni yoki kelishuvni ifodalaydi: I said I would help him. Men unga yordam berishimni aytdim. We said that we would come to see him. Biz uni ko‘rgani kelishimizni aytdik. 3. Would noreal shart gapli ergash gaplarning bosh gapida ishlati- ladi: He would go there if he had time. Agar uning vaqti bo‘lsa, u yerga borar edi. You would have caught the train if you had walked faster. Agar tezroq yurganingizda po - yezd ga ulgurgan bo‘lar edingiz. 4. Would bo‘lishsiz gaplarda ishlatilib, o‘tgan zamonda biror ishni qilishni qattiq istamaslikni ifodalaydi: He tried to persuade me, but I wouldn’t listen to him. U meni ishontirishga harakat qi- lardi lekin men unga also quloq solmasdim. I asked him several times to give up smoking, but he wouldn’t. Men unga bir necha marta che- kishni tashlashni aytdim, lekin u tashlamadi. 5. Would o‘tgan zamonda takrorlanib turgan ish-harakatni ifoda- laydi: He would sit for hours on the shore and (would) look at the sea. U qirg‘oqda soatlab o‘tirar va den gizga tikilar edi. I would call on him on my way home. Men uyga qaytishda unikiga ki- rib turar edim. Bu yerda wouldning ma’nosi used toning ma’nosiga yaqinlashadi, le- kin used to ko‘proq ishlatiladi. 6. Would iltimosni ifodalaydi: Would you mind passing me the salt? Menga tuzni uzatib yuborasiz- mi? 23 Would you tell me the time, please? Iltimos, vaqtni aytib yubora olmaysizmi? Modal fe’llar Umumiy ma’lumotlar 1. Can (could), may (might), must, ought to, need modal fe’llar bo‘lib, mustaqil holda ishlatilmaydi, ular asosiy fe’lning infi nitivi bilan ishlati ladi va asosiy fe’l ifodalagan ish-harakatning bajarilish imkoniyatini, qobiliyatini, ehtimolligini, zarurligini bildiradi. Modal fe’llar asosiy fe’l bi lan birgalikda gapda qo‘shma kesim bo‘lib keladi: He can do it himself. Buni uning o‘zi qila oladi. They may come tonight. Ular bu oqshom kelishlari mum- kin. I must speak to him. Men u bilan gaplashishim kerak. This work ought to be done at once. Bu ish zudlik bilan qilinishi ke rak. You needn’t do it. Siz buni qilishingiz kerak emas. 2. Modal fe’llar nuqsonli fe’llar (Defective Verbs) bo‘lib, ularning bosh qa fe’llarga o‘xshash hamma shakllari yo‘q. Can va may fe’llari- ning hozirgi va o‘tgan zamon shakllari bor: can-could, may-might. Must, need, ought to fe’llarining faqat hozirgi zamon shakllari mavjud. Modal fe’llarning infi nitiv, sifatdosh va gerund kabi shaxsi noma’lum shakllari mavjud emas. 3. Modal fe’llardan keyin asosiy fe’l to yuklamasisiz ishlatiladi: I can do it. Men buni qila olaman. You may take it. Siz uni olishingiz mumkin. I must go there. Men u yerga borishim kerak. You needn’t do it. Sizga buni qilish zarur emas. You ought to help him. Siz unga yordam berishingiz kerak. 4. Modal fe’llar hozirgi zamonda 3-shaxs birlikda -s qo‘shimchasi- ni olmaydi: He can do it. U buni qila oladi. He may take it. U buni olishi mum kin. He must go there. U u yerga borishi kerak. He ought to help him. U unga yordam berishi kerak. Need he do it? U buni qilishi kerakmi? 5. Bo‘lishsiz gaplar yasashda modal fe’ldan keyin not inkor yukla masi qo‘yiladi: You may not take it. He must not go there. He ought not to help him. He need not do it. Og‘zaki nutqda bo‘lishsiz shakl ko‘pin cha qisqarib ketadi: 24 cannot = can’t could not = couldn’t may not = mayn’t might not = mightn’t must not = mustn’t ought not = oughtn’t need not = needn’t 6. So‘roq gaplar yasashda modal fe’llar gapdagi eganing oldiga qo‘yiladi: Can you do it? May I take it? Must he go there? Ought he to help him? Need he do it? CAN (COULD) FE’LI 1. Can modal fe’li Simple Infi nitiv bilan kelib ish-harakatni bajarish imkoniyatini, mumkinligini, qobiliyatini ifodalaydi, hozirgi va kelasi za mon uchun ishlatiladi: I can do it now. Men uni hozir qila olaman. I can speak English. Men inglizcha gapira olaman. He can fi nish his work next week. U ishini kelasi hafta tugata oladi. This work can be done at once. Bu ishni birdan qilsa bo‘ladi. 2. Can o‘rnida be able to ni ham ishlatsa bo‘ladi. Be able to hozirgi, o‘tgan va kelasi zamonda ishlatiladi: I can do it. = I am able to do it. Men buni qila olaman. I could do it. = I was able to do it. Men buni qila oldim. I shall be able to do it. Men buni qilishga qodir bo‘la- man. Biror narsaning bo‘lishi mumkin emasligi aytilmoqchi bo‘lganda can’t ishlatiladi. — You’ve only just had dinner. You can’t be hungry. 3. Can fe’li Perfect Infi nitiv bilan kelib (can + have + P.P.) bo‘lish siz va so‘roq gaplarda ishlatiladi va suhbatdosh gapirayotgan, haqiqatda sodir bo‘lgan ish-harakatning bo‘lishi mumkin emasligini ifodalaydi: He cannot have done it. U buni qilgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas. He cannot have said it. Buni u aytmagan bo‘lishi kerak. Can he have said it? Buni u aytganmikin? 4. Could + V ish-harakatni o‘tgan zamonda sodir etish imkoniyatini, qobiliyatini ifodalaydi. Could o‘rnida was (were) able to ham ishlatilishi mumkin: He could (was able to) swim very well when he was young. U yoshligida juda yaxshi suza olar edi. 25 He could (was able to) read French books after he had studied French for a year. U bir yil fransuz tilini o‘rgangani dan keyin franszcha kitoblarni o‘qiy olardi. He could (was able to) speak Eng- lish when he was a boy. U bolaligida inglizcha gapira olardi. Amalda (haqiqatda) sodir bo‘lgan ish-harakat to‘g‘risida gap ketgan da faqat was (were) able to ishlatiladi: We were able to discharge the steamer in twenty-four hours. Biz yigirma to‘rt soat ichida paro- xodning yukini tushira oldik. He was able to translate the ar- ticle without a dictionary. U maqolani lug‘atsiz tarjima qila oldi. She was able to do it without my help. U buni mening yordamimsiz qila oldi. 5. Bosh gapi o‘tgan zamonda bo‘lgan o‘zlashtirma gapning ergash gapida could ishlatiladi: a) Can + V ishlatilgan ko‘chirma gapni o‘zlashtirma gapga aylantir- ganimizda, o‘zlashtirma gapda could + V ishlatiladi: He said that he could speak Ger- man. U nemischa gapira olishini ayt- di. He said that he could fi nish his work in time. U ishini vaqtida tugata olishini aytdi. b) Can + have + P.P. ishlatilgan ko‘chirma gapni o‘zlashtirma gap -ga aylantirganimizda, o‘zlashtirma gapda could + have + P.P. ishlati-ladi: I said that he couldn’t have done it. Men u bunday qila olmasligini aytdim. 6. Hozirgi zamon noreal shart gapli qo‘shma gapning bosh gapida could + V, o‘tgan zamondagi noreal shart gapli qo‘shma gapning bosh gapida could + have + P.P. ishlatiladi: If he tried, he could do it. Agar harakat qilsa, u buni qila olardi. If he had a good dictionary, he could translate the article. Agar uning yaxshi lug‘ati bo‘lganda, u maqolani tarjima qila olar di. If he had tried, he could have done it. Agar u harakat qilganda, buni qila olgan bo‘lar edi. If he had worked harder, he could have fi nished his work in time. Agar u qattiqroq ishlaganda edi, ishini o‘z vaqtida tugat- gan bo‘ lardi. 26 MAY (MIGHT) 1. May + V ruxsatni ifodalaydi: You may take my dictionary. Siz mening lug‘atimni olishingiz mumkin. May I come in? Kirsam mumkinmi? May ruxsatni ifodalash uchun faqat hozirgi zamonda ishlatiladi, o‘t- gan va boshqa zamonlarda might emas, allow fe’lining majhul nisbati ish- latiladi: He was allowed to go there. Unga u yerga borishga ruxsat be rishdi. He has been allowed to go there. Unga u yerga borishga ruxsat be - rishgandi. He will be allowed to go there. Unga u yerga borishga ruxsat beriladi. Izoh: Mayga teskari mumkin emas ma’nosida may not (mayn’t) bilan bir qatorda must not (mustn’t) ham ishlatiladi: You mayn’t smoke here. Bu yerda chekish mumkin emas. You mustn’t smoke here. Bu yerda chekish mumkin emas. 2. May gapiruvchi to‘g‘riligiga ishonmagan taxminni ifodalaydi: a) may + V hozirgi va kelasi zamondagi taxminni ifodalashda ishla- tiladi: He may know her address. Balki u uning manzilini bilar. He may come to London in the summer. U Londonga yozda kelishi mumkin. May + be + Ving suhbat vaqtida davom etayotgan taxminni ifoda- laydi: — Where is he? — He may be walking in the gar- den. — U qayerda? — U bog‘da sayr qilayotgan bo‘- lishi mumkin. May bo‘lishsiz gaplarda ham ishlatilishi mumkin: He may not know her address. U uning manzilini bilmasligi mum- kin. You may not fi nd him there. Siz uni u yerdan topa olmasligingiz mumkin. b) may + have + P.P. o‘tgan zamondagi taxminni ifodalaydi: 27 He may have left London. U Londondan jo‘nab ketgan bo‘- lishi mumkin. He may have lost your address. U sizning manzilingizni (adre- singizni) yo‘qotgan bo‘lishi mum- kin. He may not have come yet. U hali kelmagan bo‘lishi mumkin. 3. May + V maqsad ergash gaplarda ishlatiladi: I shall give him my exercises so that he may correct them. Men unga tekshirish uchun mashq larimni beraman. I’ll give you the book today so that you may have time to read it before the examination. Imtihonlardan oldin o‘qishga vaq-tingiz bo‘lishi uchun kitobni men sizga bugun berib turaman. 4. Ko‘chirma gapdagi may + V bosh gapi o‘tgan zamonda bo‘lgan o‘z- lashtirma gapda might + V bo‘lib keladi: She said that Tom might take her dictionary. U Tom uning lug‘atini olishi mum kinligini aytdi. 5. Might bosh gapi o‘tgan zamonda bo‘lgan o‘zlashtirma gapda taxminni ifodalaydi: a) ko‘chirma gapda may + V ishlatilgan bo‘lsa, o‘zlashtirma gapda might + V ishlatiladi: He said that Nancy might know her address. U uning manzilini Nensi bilishi mumkinligini aytdi. b) ko‘chirma gapda may + have + P.P. ishlatilgan bo‘lsa, o‘zlashtirma gapda might + have + P.P. ishlatiladi: He said that Nancy might have known their address. U ularning manzilini Nensi bili- shi mumkinligini aytdi. 6. Bosh gapi o‘tgan zamonda bo‘lgan qo‘shma gapdagi maqsad er gash gaplarda might + V ishlatiladi: I gave him my exercises so that, he might correct them. U tekshirsin deb men mashqla- rimni unga berdim. 7. Hozirgi zamonda bo‘lgan noreal shart gapli qo‘shma gaplarning bosh gapida might + V ishlatiladi: If you tried, you might get the book. Agar harakat qilganingizda, ki tob - ni olar edingiz. If she called at his offi ce at fi ve o’clock, she might fi nd him there. Agar u uning ofi siga soat beshda borganda, uni u yerdan topar edi. 28 8. O‘tgan zamondagi noreal shart ergash gapli qo‘shma gapning bosh gapida might + have + P.P. ishlatiladi: If he had been here, he might have helped us. Agar u shu yerda bo‘lganda edi u bizga yordam bergan bo‘lishi mumkin edi. If she had called at his offi ce at fi ve o’clock yesterday, she might have found him there. Agar u kecha soat beshda unung ofi siga borganda, uni o‘sha yer- dan topgan bo‘lishi mumkin edi. MUST 1. Must fe’li ma’lum bir kuch ta’siridagi zaruratni, buyruq yoki mas- lahatni ifodalaydi. Must kerak deb tarjima qilinib, hozirgi va kelasi za mon- dagi ish-harakatini ifodalaydi: I must do it now. Men buni hozir qilishim kerak. He must go there tomorrow. U o‘sha yerga ertaga borishi ke rak. You must post the letter at once. Siz xatni darhol jo‘natishingiz ke- rak. You must consult a doctor. Siz doktorga ko‘rinishingiz kerak. The work must be done at once. Ish darhol qilinishi kerak. The steamer must be discharged tomorrow. Paroxodning yuki ertaga tushirili- shi kerak. Izoh: Mustning bo‘lishsiz shakli must not modal fe’l mayning ma’nosiga teskari bo‘lgan taqiqlashni ifodalaydi: — May I do it? — No, you mustn’t. Buni qilsam mumkinmi? — Yo‘q, mumkin emas. Mustga teskari bo‘lgan ma’noda needn’t kerak emas ishlatiladi: He needn’t go there. Unga u yerga borish kerak emas. You needn’t do it. Siz buni qilishingiz shart emas. Shunday qilib Must I go there? So‘roq gapiga quyidagicha javob berish mumkin: Yes, you must. No, you needn’t. 2. Ma’lum bir kuch ta’siridagi zaruratni have + to + V ham ifodalay- di, lekin bu birikma buyruq va maslahatni ifodalash uchun ishlatil- maydi: I must do it now. = I have to do it now. Men buni hozir qilishim kerak. He must go there tomorrow. = He has to go there tomorrow. U u yerga ertaga borishi kerak. O‘tgan zamondagi zaruratni ifodalshda had + to + V, kelasi zamonda ko‘pincha shall (will) have + to + V ishlatiladi: 29 I had to go there. Men u yerga borishga majbur bo‘l- dim. I shall have to do it. Men buni qilishim kerak bo‘ladi. 3. Must gapiruvchi to‘g‘ri deb o‘ylagan taxminni ifodalash uchun ish- latiladi. Hozirgi zamondagi taxminni ifodalash uchun must + V, o‘tgan zamondagi taxminni ifodalash uchun must + have + P.P. ishlatiladi: He must know her address. U uning manzilini bilishi kerak. He must be in the library now. U hozir kutubxonada bo‘lishi kerak. Where is he? – He must be wal- king in the garden. U qayerda? — U bog‘da sayr qila- yotgan bo‘lishi kerak. They must have forgotten to send us a copy of the telegram with their letter. Ular xat bilan telegrammaning ko‘chirmasini yuborishni unutgan bo‘lishsa kerak. The cases must have been dama- ged during the unloading of the vessel. Qutilar kemaning yuki tushiri- layotganda shikastlangan bo‘lishi kerak. OUGHT TO 1. Ought + to + V hozirgi va kelasi zamondagi axloqiy burch yoki maslahatni ifodalaydi: He ought to help his friend. U do‘stiga yordam berishi kerak. You ought to be more careful. Siz sal ehtiyotkorroq bo‘lishingiz kerak. 2. Ought + to + have + P.P. o‘tgan zamonga taalluqli bo‘lib, biror kishi burchini bajarmaganda yoki nomunosib hatti-harakat qilganda, unga nisbatan tanbeh va ta’na ma’nosida ishlatiladi: You ought to have done it yester- day. Siz buni kecha qilishingiz ke- rak edi. He ought to have sent that cable. U o‘sha telegrammani jo‘nati- shi ke rak edi. NEED 1. Need + V biror ish-harakatning bajarilishi zarurligini bildiradi va kerak deb tarjima qilinadi. Bu modal fe’l faqat Simple Presentning so‘ roq va bo‘lishsiz shakllarida ishlatiladi: Need he come here? U bu yerga kelishi kerakmi? You needn’t come so early. Siz bunchalik erta kelishingiz ke rak emas. 30 Izoh: Need bilan boshlangan so‘roq gaplarning bo‘lishli javobida must bilan javob beriladi: — Need I go there at once? — U yerga darhol borishim kerakmi? — Yes, you must. — Ha, kerak. Aksincha, must bilan boshlangan so‘roq gaplarning bo‘lishsiz javobida needn’t bi lan javob beriladi: — Must I go there at once? — Men u yerga darhol borishim kerakmi? — No, you needn’t. — Yo‘q, kerak emas. 2. Need not (needn’t) + have + P.P. o‘tgan zamonda sodir bo‘l - gan, lekin shu ish-harakatni bajarish zarurati bo‘lmaganda ishlati- ladi: You needn’t have come so early. Siz bunchalik erta kelmasangiz ham bo‘lar edi. 3. Need fe’li asosiy fe’l bo‘lib keladi va kerak deb tarjima qilinib, bosh qa asosiy fe’llar kabi hozirgi, o‘tgan va kelasi zamonlarda tuslanadi: You need a long rest. Siz uzoq dam olishingiz kerak. I don’t need your book any longer. Endi menga sizning kitobingiz kerak emas. Does he need my help? Unga mening yordamim kerakmi? We needed the dictionary badly. Bizga lug‘at juda ham kerak bo‘ldi. I’ll need your advice. Menga sizning maslahatingiz ke- rak bo‘ladi. 4. Need asosiy fe’l bo‘lib keladi va jonli egadan keyin kelganda uning orqasidan infi nitiv ishlatiladi: Jonli ega + need + to + V John and his brother need to paint the house. Jon bilan ukasi uyni bo‘yashlari kerak. My friend needs to learn Spa nish. Mening do‘stim ispanchani o‘rga nishi kerak. He will need to drive alone tonight. U bu oqshom yakka o‘zi mashi- na haydashi kerak. 5. Need asosiy fe’l sifatida jonsiz egadan keyin kelsa, undan keyin yoki gerund, yoki majhul nisbatdagi infi nitiv ishlatiladi: Jonsiz ega + need + { Ving To +Be + P.P. 31 The grass needs cutting. The television needs repairing. The composition needs rewriting. The grass needs to be cut. The television needs to be repai- red. The composition needs to be re - w ritten. NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB (FE’LNING SHAXSI NOMA’LUM SHAKLLARI) Umumiy ma’lumotlar 1. Fe’lning shaxsi noma’lum shakllari shaxsni, sonni va maylni ifoda- lamaydi, shuning uchun ham ular gapda kesim bo‘lib kela olmaydi. 2. Fe’lning shaxsi noma’lum shakllarining ikkita xususiyati bor; otlik va fe’llik. Sifatdoshda fe’llik va sifatlik xususiyatlari mavjud. Gerund va infi nitivda fe’llik va otlik xususiyatlari mavjud. The infi nitive (Infi nitiv) Umumiy ma’lumotlar Infi nitiv fe’lning shaxsi noma’lum shakli bo‘lib, harakatning no- mini bildiradi; shaxsini ham, sonini ham ko‘rsatmaydi. Infinitiv- ning ko‘rsatkichi tarjima qilinmaydigan va urg‘u olmaydigan to yukla- masidir. Infi nitive otning ko‘pgina xususiyatlarini saqlab qolgan va otga o‘x- shab gapda quyidagi vazifalarda keladi: 1. Ega bo‘lib keladi: To skate is pleasant. Yaxmalak uchish yoqimli. 2. Ot-kesim tarkibida keladi: Your duty was to inform me about it immediately. Bu haqda menga zudlik bilan xa- bar qilish sizning burchingiz edi. 3. Fe’l kesim tarkibida keladi: She began to translate the article. U maqolani tarjima qila boshladi. 4. To‘ldiruvchi bo‘lib keladi: I asked him to help me. Men undan menga yordam beri- shini so‘radim. 5. Aniqlovchi bo‘lib keladi: He expressed a desire to help me. U menga yordam berish istagini bildirdi. 32 6. Hol bo‘lib keladi: I went to the station to see off a friend. Men bir do‘stimni kuzatgani stan siyaga bordim. Infi nitivning fe’llik xususiyatlari quyidagilarda ko‘rinadi: 1. Infi nitiv o‘zidan keyin vositasiz to‘ldiruvchi olishi mumkin: I told him to post the letter. Men unga xatni jo‘natishni aytdim. 2. Infi nitiv ravish bilan aniqlanishi mumkin: I asked him to speak slowly. Men undan sekin gapirishni so‘ra- dim. 3. Infi nitivning zamon va nisbat shakllari mavjud. Ingliz tilida o‘timli fe’llarning oddiy nisbatda to‘rtta shakli va majhul nisbatda ikkita shakli mavjud: Active Passive Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous Download 1.19 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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