James d. Gwartney

Development Economics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972); D.C. North, Institutions, Institutional
Change, and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); va Daron Acemoglu and
James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (New York: Crown, 2012).
↩ 
19. Masalan, quyidagiga murojaat qiling: Randall K. Filer and Jan Hanousek, “Output Changes and Inflationary Bias in
Transition,” Economic Systems, Vol. 24, Issue 3. 
https://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpma/0012010.html
. 
↩ 
20. Tom Bethell, The Noblest Triumph (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998): 10. 
↩ 
21. Qo'shimcha ma'lumot uchun quyidagiga murojaat qiling: John McMillan, Reinventing the Bazaar: A Natural History
of Markets (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002): 94–101. Makmillan [McMillan] qayd etganidek, chinakkam
xususiylashtirish ma'qulroqdir. Shunday bo'lsada, xususiy mulkchilik tomon harakat hali ham «qashoqlikka qarshi
kurashda dunyoda misli ko'rilmagan eng yirik dastur» edi. 
↩ 
22. Buyvollar to'g'risida batafsilroq ma'lumot uchun quyidagida murojaat qiling: Lueck, Dean “The Extermination and
Conservation of the American Bison” in The Journal of Legal Studies Vol. 31, No. S2, The Evolution of Property
Rights: A Conference Sponsored by the Searle Fund and Northwestern University School of Law (2002-yil iyun),

---

300
S609–S652 betlar. Odamlar ba'zi hayvon turlarini batamom qirilib ketguncha ov qilganligi bizga ma'lum. Yo'lovchi
kaptarlar bunga misol bo'ladi. Kitlar asosan yog'i uchun ov qilingan bo'lsa, kaptarlar go'shti uchun ov qilingan.
Biroq, kaptarlar go'sht bozorining arzimas qismi bo'lganligi sababli, ularning soni kamayganda ham go'shtning narxi
ularni saqlab qolish tashabbuslariga yoki go'sht ishlab chiqarishni keng miqyosda oshishiga olib keladigan
darajagacha ko'tarilmadi. Inqiroz sodir bo'lmadi. Natijada ular batamom yo'qolib ketdi. Agar kitlar asosan yog'i
uchun emas, balki faqat go'shti uchun jadal ov qilinganda edi, ular ham qirilib ketishi mumkin edi. Biroq, kit yog'i
yoritgichlar bozorida juda muhim bo'lganligi tufayli, uning narxi keskin oshganda unga o'rinbosar topilib, kit
yog'ining narxi va unga bo'lgan talab kamaydi va bu kitlarni saqlab qoldi. 
↩ 
23. Clair Wilcox. Competition and Monopoly in American Industry. Monograph No. 21, Temporary National Economic
Committee, Investigation of Concentration of Economic Power, 76th Cong. 3d sess. (Washington, D.C.: United
States Government Printing Office, 1940). 
↩ 
24. Adam Smith. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Volume I Glasgow Edition
(Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, Inc., [1776] 1981): 18. Kitobni quyidagi manzilda o'qish mumkin:
www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN.html
. 
↩ 
25. World Bank, Doing Business Project (
doingbusiness.org
). “Time required to start a business (days).”
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ic.reg.durs
. 
↩ 
26. Eng kam ish haqi bo'yicha qonunchilikning qashshoq aholiga ta'sirining batafsil tahlili uchun quyidagiga murojaat
qiling: Thomas MaCurdy, “How Effective Is the Minimum Wage at Supporting the Poor?” Journal of Political
Economy 123 (2015): 
www.jstor.org/stable/full/10.1086/679626
. 
↩ 
27. Bu bo'yicha ma'lumot uchun quyidagiga murojaat qiling: Edward Bierhanzl and James Gwartney, “Regulation,
Unions, and Labor Markets,” Regulation (Summer 1998): 40–53. 
↩ 
28. Muravyev, A., Oshchepkov, A. (2016) “The effect of doubling the minimum wage on employment: evidence from
Russia.” IZA J Labor Develop 5, 6. 
↩ 
29. Maria Koumenta and Mario Pagliero, 2018. “Occupational Licensing in the European Union: Coverage and Wage
Effects,” CEPR Discussion Paper 12577, CEPR Discussion Papers Series. 
↩ 
30. Qarang: The Department of Treasury, Office of Economic Policy, Occupational Licensing: A Framework for