SÖZLÜ KOMPOZİSYON, YAZILI KOMPOZİSYON VE
YEDİ HARF HADİSİ
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330
Yasin DUTTON - Çev. Nazife Nihal İNCE
verilerini Kur’ān metniyle ilgili bilgilere uygulamak suretiyle klasik kaynaklar-
da nasıl bir tablonun ortaya çıktığını göstermeyi hedefliyoruz. Bu doğrultuda,
başlangıçta var olan çok biçimli sözlü kıraati, (bu örnekte ‘yedi harf’) bir sözlü
kompozisyon örneği olarak; sonradan ileri seviyede tek biçimli yazılı metin hali-
ne getirilen (er-resm el-‘Osmānī veya el-ma
ṣāḥif el-‘Osmāniyye olarak bilinen)
Kur’ān metnini, belirli bir seviyede çok biçimlilik devam etse de(yedi, on v.b.
kıraatler gibi), bir yazılı kompozisyon örneği olarak önereceğiz. Son olarak bu
incelemelerin ışığında çağdaş Avrupa-Amerikan Kur’ān bilimleri çalışmalarını
değerlendireceğiz.
Anahtar Kelimeler:
Harf, Kıraat, Mushaf, Çok biçimlilik.
ABSTRACT
Orality, Literacy and The ‘Seven Ahruf Hadith
’
The well known
ḥadīth that the Qur’ān was revealed according to
sevena
ḥruf (‘alā sab‘ati a ḥruf ) indicates that a certain amount of variation in the
text of the Qur’ān was considered legitimate, indeed normal, in the earliest days of
Islam. The dominant view among traditional scholars is that this initial allowance
was then reduced by the decision of the Caliph ‘Uthmān, with the agreement of
the Companions, to unify the community on one textual skeleton (rasm ), albeit
allowing for various ‘readings’ (qirā’āt), such as those of the Seven, the Ten, etc.,
within the confines of this
rasm .
In this article, we consider the various traditional interpretations of the
‘seven a
ḥruf’ ḥadīth, alongside the numerous references to non-standard variant
readings in the
ḥadīth, tafsīr and qirā’āt literature, to gain a clearer idea of the
nature of this textual variation both before and after ‘Uthmān’s decision. At the
same time, we aim to apply the insights gained from orality studies (particularly
work done on the Homeric tradition) to show how the picture outlined in the
traditional sources suggests an oral recitation (qur’ān) with an initial degree of
multiformity (in this instance, ‘seven a
ḥruf’), such as is characteristic of oral texts,
which is then presented in a written version (known as al-rasm al-‘Uthmānī or
al-ma
ṣāḥif al-‘Uthmāniyya) which has a much greater degree of uniformity, such
as is characteristic of written texts, although a degree of multiformity is nevertheless
maintained (the Seven/Ten Readings, etc.). Finally, we consider the course of recent
Euro-American scholarship on the Qur’ān in the light of these observations.
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