Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
Buy presents the commercial event from the perspective of the buyer, while sell
conversely presents it from that of the seller. Pay like buy takes the perspective of the buyer, but in addition attends to the money spent or the seller (while buy is more focussed on the goods). Finally, cost takes the perspective of both the goods and the money spent. 366 William A. Foley Perspective is a fundamental and pervasive fact of all human languages. English has many alternate pairs of lexical items and associated syntactic struc- tures which present perspective differences. (11) (a) Clive likes Eric (b) Eric pleases Clive (12) (a) Bruce gave the ring to Sheila (b) Sheila took the ring from Bruce (13) (a) Malaria killed Alfred (b) Alfred died from malaria (14) (a) Alan lent the book to Sam (b) Sam borrowed the book from Alan Note that there is a semantic difference between the (a) and (b) examples in each pair. It concerns the choice of the initiating and controlling participant in the event. This kind of difference is the essence of the perspective choices. Consider (14) which describes the transfer of a book from its permanent owner, Alan, to its temporary user, Sam. Note that in any typical act of the transfer of goods, the primary responsibility for the event can be ascribed to either of two participants, the source of the goods or their recipient. In (14a) Alan is considered by the speaker to be the primary performer and initiator of the action; hence lend is appropriate. Conversely, in (14b) Sam is described as the performer and initiator, and borrow provides that perspective. Similar distinctions obtain in (11–14). In all cases, the lexical alternatives present different perspective choices as to which participant is presented as the controlling, initiating or responsible performer of the event, what we will call the ‘actor’ of the event (comparable to Dowty’s (1991) ‘Proto-Agent’). Nor is this indication of perspective alternatives limited to lexical choices; in many languages the choice may be signalled morphologically: (15) Acehnese of Sumatra (a) lˆon-bloe buku nyan nibak jih 1sg-buy book that from 3sg ‘I bought a book from him’ (b) ji-pu-bloe buku nyan keu lˆon 3sg-caus-buy book that to 1sg ‘He sold me a book’ Durie (1985) Here the causative prefix pu- added to bloe ‘buy’ signals its converse ‘sell’. Bloe takes the perspective of the buyer as actor, while the derived form pu-bloe takes that of the seller. A typology of information packaging 367 German shows a similar pattern with respect to the verbs ‘buy’/’sell’ and ‘rent to/from’. In German there is a prefix ver- on the verb when the actor is the point of origin of the goods; the verb is unmarked when the actor is the recipient: (16) (a) Hans kaufte drei Schildkr¨oten von Ursula pn buy.past three turtles from pn ‘Hans bought three turtles from Ursula’ (b) Ursula ver-kaufte drei Schildkr¨oten an Hans pn sell.past three turtles to pn ‘Ursula sold three turtles to Hans’ (17) (a) Meine Tochter mietete die Wohnung von my.nom daughter rent.past det.acc apartment from dem Arzt det .dat doctor ‘My daughter rented the apartment from the doctor’ (b) Der Arzt ver-mietete die Wohnung an det .nom doctor rent.past det .acc apartment to meiner Tochter my.dat daughter ‘The doctor rented the apartment to my daughter’ Note that the English verb rent has alternations much like those of German mieten/vermieten ‘rent’ except that there is no accompanying verbal morphology. The switch in preposition alone is sufficient to signal the change in perspective: (18) (a) Egbert rented the flat (b) Egbert rented the flat to Hortense (c) Hortense rented the flat from Egbert The English verb rent is ambiguous with respect to the meanings of the German verbs mieten/vermieten. Note that, without a preposition, as in (18a), rent can mean either ‘rent to’ or ‘rent from’; thus, Egbert in (18a) could either be the renter or the rentee. When a third argument is added in the form of a prepositional phrase as in (18b, c), the preposition chosen disambiguates the clause. Thus, if the preposition is to, the actor must be the point of origin of the transfer, as in (18b), while if the preposition is from, then the actor must be the recipient (18c). Thus, the choice of preposition in English performs the same function as the choice of Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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