A typology of information packaging
373
(38) in which the experiencer appears in a non-subject function without a
passive derivation, i.e. the experiencers are realized as obliques or syntactic
objects:
(39)
(a) The accident was visible to me (from my window) [compare
(37a)]
(b) Sam is well known to Fran [compare (37b)]
(c) Yimas
wapun
na-
ŋ
a-na-t-n [compare (38b)]
happiness.v.sg v.sg.a-1sg.p-prog-do/feel-pres
‘I’m feeling happy’
(literally ‘happiness does me’)
This is in marked contrast to true prototypical [
+a] participants. Whenever they
occur, they must function as the syntactic subject, if no passive derivation has
applied; no other syntactic function is available to them: *
The mouse was eaten
at/to/from the cat; *
The city was levelled at/to/from the earthquake. It is also
worth pointing out that there are many languages, for example the Daghestanian
languages of the Caucasus, which never allow experiencers to take on the same
syntactic properties as prototypical [
+a] participants. In such languages, they
typically occur in an oblique case such as locative or dative, while true [
+a]
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