Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
participants take core cases like ergative or nominative. This again demonstrates
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
participants take core cases like ergative or nominative. This again demonstrates that experiencers of sensory states are not true [ +a] participants. A final parameter governing choices for [ +a] is movement. Any participant which moves relative to another participant is eligible to be [ +a], even if the participant is inanimate and hence totally incapable of volition and movement under its own will. English illustrates this well: (40) (a) The train passed the village (b) Water reached the bridge This parameter seems to be universal; it appears as if a kind of metaphorical volition is ascribed to moving objects. Even in Acehnese, which otherwise has a strong restriction of [ +a] to volitional causing participants, moving objects are marked with the [ +a] proclitics (Durie (1985)): (41) (a) apolˆo ji-pho u buleuen Apollo 3sg[ +a]-flew to moon ‘Apollo flew to the moon’ (b) ie naya pi ji-teuka water big too 3sg[ +a]-arrive ‘The floods came’ 374 William A. Foley 1.3 Parameters governing undergoer choices In the same way that the agent of an action outranks all others for [ +a], partici- pants which undergo a change in state outrank all other contenders for [ −a]. Note the behaviour of a prototypical change-of-state verb like break: (42) (a) John broke the vase with the cane (b) John broke the cane against the vase Unlike earlier paired examples (21–5) involving perspective alternations for undergoer, (42a) and (42b) are not at all synonymous. In (42a) it is the vase which undergoes a change in state, i.e. breaks, while in (42b) it is the cane. This demonstrates that verbs like break, which entail a change in state of a participant, i.e. something comes to be in a resulting state – broken, frozen, dead, wide, etc. – do not allow alternations for undergoer. The participant undergoing the change in state must be the [ −a], and this is a pattern which appears universal. Other participants which may be [ −a] are those which undergo a displace- ment in space, a change in location rather than state. Again, these are universally available to [ −a]: (43) (a) John hit the cane against the wall (b) John drained the water from the pool (c) John sprayed paint on the wall (d) John loaded hay onto the truck (e) Yimas namarawt awtmay - an na- ŋ a-tpul person.1.sg sugar.cane-obliq 3sg[ +a]-1sg[−a]-hit ‘The man hit me with (stalks of) sugar cane’ (f) Acehnese lˆon-rh¨om bat`ee bak boh mamplam 1sg[ +a]-throw stone[−a] at fruit mango ‘I threw a stone at a mango’ Durie (1985) However, these are less prototypical [ −a] participants, so that many lan- guages, including English, but not Yimas, allow alternatives of perspective in sentences like these. This involves the next parameter for availability for [ −a] assignment, affectedness. If a participant can be viewed as being in some way causally affected by the action of another participant in the clause, typi- cally the [ +a] participant, it can assume the [−a] function. Note that entities which undergo a change in location such as the undergoers in (43) can clearly be claimed to be affected by this spatial displacement, and so are [ −a] by this affectedness parameter, but it is also possible for the locations in these displacements to be affected. All of the English examples in (43) have such alternatives: A typology of information packaging 375 (44) (a) John hit the wall with the cane (b) John drained the pool of the water (c) John sprayed the wall with paint (d) John loaded the truck with hay Again, it is the syntactic object which is [ −a], so while in (43a) the cane is [ −a], in (44a) it is the wall which is [−a]. The [−a] nps in (44) usually entail a completely affected meaning as a result of the action, as opposed to their interpretations as obliques in (43). It is important to note that, while both the object displaced and the location in the examples of (43) and (44) are potential undergoers by virtue of the affectedness parameter, and both answer the question ‘what happened to X?’ (‘What happened to the cane?’ ‘John hit it against the wall’, ‘John hit the wall with it’; ‘What happened to the wall’? ‘John hit the cane against it’, ‘John hit it with the cane’), in any given sentence only one can be the undergoer, because the verbs involved are simple transitive verbs which can only occur with a single syntactic object, the [ −a] participant. Because of this syntactic constraint, the other possible [ −a] must appear in an oblique function, in spite of the fact that semantically it meets the requirements for undergoerhood. Cross-linguistically, however, there are verbs that allow multiple choices of [ −a] nps. These are ditransitive verbs like show, tell, offer, of which undoubt- edly the most prototypical is give. Give and other true ditransitive verbs in English exhibit an alternation not yet discussed: (45) (a) Egbert gave the snake to Mildred (b) Egbert gave Mildred the snake Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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