Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
participant, Bill, is presupposed and topic as established by the question, so that an answer in the passive voice with the [ −a] as pivot and topic is fine. Example (112b), however, is decidedly bizarre, because the question estab- lished Bill, the [ +a] participant, as the topic. Thus, an answer in the passive as here, which presents the [ −a], John, as topic and the [+a] Bill as focus, is a A typology of information packaging 409 completely unexpected information structure. Rather, an active sentence should be used: Bill, the [ +a], as pivot and topic, and John, the [−a], as focus: Bill saw John. While the notions of pivot and topic are closely correlated in English, they are not isomorphic: there are clear cases of topics which are not pivots. One of the most common constructions of this type presents topics occurring sentence- initially and preceding pivots (these will be discussed in greater detail in sections 3.3 and 5): (113) TOPIC PIVOT Last night I saw three movies in town As for John, Ian is in love with him Soukous, I think it’s the greatest African twentieth-century contribution to civilization (a) (b) (c) These constructions typically express topics which are not highly salient right at the moment when they are mentioned in the discourse, but are nonetheless being highlighted; they are, however, presupposed: (114) my feet find irresistible COMMENT Q: What’s your favourite dance music? A: Soukous TOPIC Soukous, as a type of African dance music, while not explicitly mentioned in prior discourse, is presupposed by the general cover term dance music in the question. 3.2 The information status of noun phrases As we have seen, topics are typically presupposed information, the starting point of the sentence. Focussed nps, on the other hand, are the end goal of the sentence, the information which the speaker intends to introduce into the discourse. Topics are closely correlated with given or old information, which is currently in the frame of the discourse, while focussed constituents are new information, just being introduced into the discourse. The concept of given information is more or less equivalent to presupposed, but new information need not (though it usually does) correspond to the focussed constituent: 410 William A. Foley (115) Q: What happened? A: An earthquake just hit Los Angeles Arguably, all the information in the answer is new, but only the final np, Los Angeles, is really the focus, as demonstrated by its high falling pitch. This analysis differs from that in Lambrecht (1994), who argues that answers like (115) represent what he calls ‘sentence focus’ structure, in which the whole sentence is focussed information. That is a possible alternative, but I prefer to distinguish between non-presupposed, asserted information and focussed infor- mation, which is the particular new, asserted information the speaker wishes to highlight. In the answer above, that is just Los Angeles, with its high falling pitch; the remainder of the sentence is new, but unfocussed, information. Other types of mismatches between topic and presupposed/given and between focus and new also occur. A particularly common type is con- trastive nps. These are marked as focus by high falling pitch, but are typically presupposed: (116) Considering the suspects, only Egbert has a motive Egbert is one of several suspects in a criminal investigation; he is presupposed, yet new information is provided about him, as focus, as being the only person among them who has a motive. He is set up in contrast to the other suspects, presupposed, but focussed. There are also examples of topics which are new information. Perhaps the best-known examples of these are found in the opening lines of stories, such as fairy tales: (117) Once upon a time, a little old man lived in a big house on the hill Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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