Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
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Summary We have discussed a variety of different pairs of elements in this chapter, some of which exhibit correlations with the order of object and verb and some of which do not. The following chart summarizes these generalizations, ignor- ing the fact that some are unidirectional and ignoring the fact that, for some characteristics, SVO languages exhibit a pattern intermediate between OV and verb-initial: 130 Matthew S. Dryer OV VO postpositions prepositions genitive–noun noun–genitive manner adverb – verb verb – manner adverb standard–marker marker – standard standard–adjective adjective – standard final adverbial subordinator initial adverbial subordinator adpositional phrase – verb verb – adpositional phrase main verb – auxiliary verb auxiliary verb – main verb predicate – copula copula–predicate final question particle initial question particle final complementizer initial complementizer noun–article article–noun subordinate clause – main clause main clause – subordinate clause relative clause – noun noun – relative clause noun – plural word plural word – noun The following list of pairs of elements are those whose order does not correlate with that of object and verb: adjective, noun demonstrative, noun numeral, noun negative particle, verb tense–aspect particle, verb degree word, adjective 15 Suggestions for further reading The classic work in word order typology is Greenberg (1963) (sometimes cited as Greenberg (1966), its apparently unrevised second edition). This work not only documents many of the patterns that correlate with the order of object and verb, but is often viewed as defining the beginning of the modern study of lin- guistic typology in general. Hawkins (1983) provides a detailed discussion of various aspects of word order typology. Evidence supporting many of the claims made in this chapter is given in Dryer (1992). In this chapter, we have avoided discussion of the question why the order of various pairs of elements correlates with that of object and verb, but there is an extensive literature on this topic, including Aristar (1991), Dryer (1992), Frazier (1979), Giv´on (1975, 1984a), Hawkins (1983, 1984, 1990, 1994), Keenan (1979), Kuno (1974), Lehmann (1973, 1978a), Vennemann (1973, 1974a, 1974b, 1976), and Vennemann and Harlow (1977). A wide variety of different explanations have been proposed, some in terms of syntax, some in terms of semantics, some in terms of sentence Word order 131 processing, some in terms of grammaticization, and even some in terms of phonology. In addition to the sources mentioned above, there are many ref- erences in the generative literature to a distinction between head-initial and head-final languages, which assumes an explanation for all or part of the corre- lations. See Dryer (1992) for problems with this view. It should also be noted that some of the literature discussing correlations or proposing explanations for the correlations assumes some correlations that can be shown not to be correct (see Dryer (1992)), often assuming incorrectly, for example, that the order of adjective and noun correlates with the order of object and verb. Further information on word order, with accompanying maps that show the geographical distribution of different types, is given in Dryer (2005) and sixteen other chapters on word order by Dryer in Haspelmath et al. (2005). 3 The major functions of the noun phrase Avery D. Andrews Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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