Learners’ Continuous Use Intention of Blended Learning: tam-set model
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sustainability-14-16428
Figure 1.
Research model and hypotheses. 2.1. Course Quality (CQ) Based on Davis’s TAM (1986) [ 23 ], two external constructs are identified in the con- text of BL: course quality (CQ) and technology support (TS). CQ can be measured from five aspects: course characteristics, teaching and learning design, interaction platform, course content, and learning resources. The external constructs directly impact the two Sustainability 2022, 14, 16428 4 of 14 main constructs (PU and PEOU) that determine the attitudes and indirectly affect the use intention. 2.2. Technological Support (TS) Blended learning requires the adoption of tools, e.g., learning management systems, network conferences, digital textbooks, simulations, and games. These pose great chal- lenges to administrators. They need to provide resources and timely technological support (TS) in accordance with the functional characteristics of the teaching and learning tasks. A smooth network connection, system stability, compatibility, convenience, and friendly navigation settings are within their routine working obligations. 2.3. Perceived Usefulness (PU) Perceived usefulness (PU) refers to the degree to which users subjectively believe that using a system can improve their work performance [ 29 ]. In most cases, PU is considered to play the most decisive role affecting users’ attitudes [ 30 ]. PU has been proven to be an essential construct to increase learners’ self-regulation in e-learning environments [ 31 ]. TAM proposes that both PU and PEOU have a significant impact on SA. 2.4. Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) Perceived ease of use (PEOU) can be defined as the degree to which users subjectively believe that using a particular system will require little effort [ 29 ]. PU and PEOU are often regarded as the two most important constructs in TAM. The extant literature proves that individuals are more inclined to adopt new technology if they think it is easy to use [ 29 ]. Studies concerning TAM have also suggested that PEOU positively influences PU [ 29 , 32 ]. 2.5. Satisfaction (SA) Attitude refers to the positive or negative feelings an individual has in the process of performing a certain behavior. Satisfaction (SA) is usually conceptualized as the aggregate of a person’s feelings or attitudes toward the various factors that affect a person’s decision. In this study, SA predicts a person’s willingness to continuously use a certain system when it involves some degree of self-motivation. Learner satisfaction is proven as one of the important factors contributing to the effectiveness of blended and purely online courses [ 33 ]. It has an important reference value for educators to improve course design and for administrators to improve service quality to ensure a satisfactory outcome. 2.6. Self-Efficacy (SE) Self-efficacy is an individual’s judgment regarding his/her ability to engage in certain behavior, and it determines to what degree an individual will persist and commit efforts after he/she has made a choice. Self-efficacy, as an important component of emotion, plays a crucial role in the learning process because of its impact on learners’ motivation, self- regulation, and academic performance. The self-efficacy theory (SET) was first developed in 1977 by Albert Bandura, who proposed SET as the determining force for behavior change [ 34 ]. SET emphasizes the relative importance of personal factors, but acknowledges that behavioral and environmental factors have profound effects on outcomes as well. 2.7. Behavioral Intention (BI) Behavioral intention describes an individual’s future intention to engage in certain behavior. It can be an immediate antecedent of actual behavior [ 35 ]. In the context of BL, it encompasses the likelihood that learners will again use the BL mode when it is made available to them. They may get involved in a wide variety of learning activities, such as self-regulated study, communication with teachers and friends, interaction online and offline, sharing information and materials, etc. |
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